Analyzing the Salt Level in Different Soil Textures

Analyzing the table atomic number 11 chloride direct in Different begrime metric grainsJason JarabejoRafael CelisJoshua Mikael RamosHagin BustoSantos AngeloWesley PangilinanChapter I Introduction stress OF THE STUDYThe of import goal of this question is to fully understand how brininess level varies in different background physical musical themes. The first fundamental national for this seek came from The Effects of Sodium Chloride Solution on the growing of love apple plant seed downs (Lycopersicon esculentum) (Larsen, 2007), a study concerning the effect of spunky saltiness level on kingdom and the fixingss alter it.Sodium Chloride (NaCl) or commonly known as flavour or halite was utilise in marking territories be rush it yields the growth of plants on fields enforced with common salt. The scientific reason for this is because salt acts as an opposing agent against the plants ability to sip pee through the cracks cracks.This interrogation go forth foc us on the analysis of the salt level in different de clearity caryopsiss. The gathered saltiness levels impart be analyzed and compared to know which landed estate textures lead shed a reading precisely close to moderate veritable(a) salt levels. ground on the execution on measuring brininess by (Queensland, 2007) we ordain use, the regular table salt margin is 1.5-4 dS/m which is ranged from s sort outly saline that has minimal effect to moderately saline which has restricted effects. It can to a fault be translated to 15%-40% salinity. But to get to a considerableer extent precise readings, 27.5% depart be marked as the basis of regular salinity level.For this research, we go forth limit the field of footfallment in a regular circumstance for the electrical conductivity measurement to control the level and for it to re principal(prenominal) constant.victimization earth salt level field test, we compare reading of salt level in apiece undercoat texture.Thu s arriving at the main break up of this research which is to analyze the salt levels in different farming textures and appreciate the results using footing Salinity Field Test.STATEMENT OF THE riddleMain Problem Which land texture result bring back a salt level that will approximately be the close-set(prenominal) to the regular salinity level mark?Hypothesis The loam spot. Because it is moderately coarse, has less(prenominal) cation convert capacity, and has a high weewee system infiltration rate to wash the salt. hacek problemsHow does the salt level of each realm composition differ from the intricate shit textures?Does the contravention between the territorial dominion compositions have relevance to its permeability?What measurements are apply when it comes to salt level?OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYMain mark To analyze the salinity level in different crud compositionSpecific objective To assess the factors that affect the salt level in various ground textures.Specif ic objective To identify which type of discolouration texture can resist salt intrusions considering its bad impact on plants.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYWhen the problem ab by the salt level affecting wet land and dry land farming was encountered, it gave a electromotive force to this research and formed a basic study. The main goal of this research is to gain knowledge on of the leading causes in failure of farming, and that is the high level of salts. And at the same time, it might find a intermit solution by finding an efficient way in compulsive it through dent composition comparison. The Effects of Sodium Chloride Solution on the growth of Tomato Plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) (Larsen, 2007) Physiology of Salt Tolerance Annual retrospect of Plant Physiology (Leon Bernstein and H. E. Hayward, Agricultural question Division 2000) serves as the first fundamental research for our paper.SCOPE AND LIMITATIONThe coverage of this research is about the analysis of the salt level in different kingdom textures. This study covers the Properties of Sodium Chloride which includes its physical properties such as its crystalline form and hypotonic property. resemblingly, the Effect of Level of Salinity in Wet land and dry land farming such as Dehydration and Stabilization. In relation with the part of analyzing the salinity, this research will specifically use Soil salinity yield test. early(a) topics which will not be covered by the said topics will be excluded from the study and will not affect the research.Chapter II Review of Related LiteratureSALINITYSalinity is the measuring of salt in a body of piddle or in soil. Salinity in the soil is caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or the gradual withdrawal of an ocean (Graaff, 2001)It can alike be caused by artificial processes such as irrigation. Dry land salinity occurs when the irrigate table is between two to common chord chiliads from the surface of the soil. Also occurs on landsc apes that are not irrigated. The salts from the ground wet are raised by capillary accomplish to the surface of the soil. This occurs when groundwater is saline and is favored by land use practices allowing more than rainwater to enter the aquifer than it could accommodate. Salinity from irrigation can occur over time, because nearly all water contains some dissolved salts.When the plants use the water, the salts are remaining behind in the soil and eventually begin to accumulate. Since soil salinity makes it more difficult for plants to absorb soil moisture, these salts must be leached out of the plant antecedent z champion by applying transmititional water. Salinization from irrigation water is as well greatly increased by poor waste pipe and use of saline water for irrigating agricultural crops. Salinity greatly affects agriculture because of the fact that salinity in soil produces salt that dehydrates the plant. Buildup of salt within the plants itself as well has grea t effect on them, it shows older leaves which has long exposure to excess salt. The signs that record salinity is alike high for a plant are mute and stunted growth, small stunted fruits, increased in succulence of leaves, leaves may be darker green or bluish green and leaves may figure out yellow or brown, mottle and drop despatch from the plant. accord to (Blaylock, 2004) it happens when withal a estimable deal salts accumulate in the root zone, causing the plants to exert more energy to extract the water from the soil that also gives plants stress. The salinity in the soil is dep residueent in soil type, climate, weather, use and irrigation routines. As the plants absorbs the water and also the loss of water due to evaporation, the soil salinity indeed increases because salts become more concentrated. Thus, evapotranspiration between irrigation periods can further increase the soil salinity. Salinity can also affect the physical property of soil by causing bonny partic les to bind together into aggregates that is known as Flocculation. Flocculation is beneficial in terms of soil aeration, root penetration and root growth. Although soil salinity has a positive effect on soil aggregation and stabilization, entirely too much salt can negatively affect them and potentially lethal to plants. The primary physical processes associated with high atomic number 11 concentrations are soil dispersion and system platelet and aggregate swelling.According to (J.D, 1977), salt is a clear to white crystalline mineral that is orthorhombic. It has a boiling point of 1,413 C and a melting point of 801 C. Also have a hardness of 2.5 according to the mohs scale and a density of 135 lb/ft. Salt is also the product of salinity which affects the growth of plants. Sodium Chloride or salt is essential to plant and savage life but can be harmful to both if used at excessive amounts. Salt is also used in nutriment preservation which is called salting and is also one of t he oldest known seasoning for foods. In humans, salt is needed in order for the body to survive but as stated earlier, too much salt may cause harmful effects such as high blood embrace in some sensitive individuals. sensey soil is simply a type of soil that contains visible large particles to the naked eye, customaryly light in color and stays loose allowing moisture to penetrate easily. It is amyloid and contains very small rocks and mineral particles. It is formed by disintegration and weathering of rocks and is easier to process when rich in organic material. It is good for plants since it lets the water go off so that it does not remain near the roots and lead them to decay. background TEXTURE(P., 2009)The forces that bind body particles together are disrupted when too many large sodium ions come between them. When this separation occurs, the clay particles expand, causing swelling and soil dispersion. Soil dispersion causes clay particles to fornicatress soil pores, res ulting in reduced soil permeability. Increased amounts of calcium and atomic number 12 can reduce the amout of sodium-induced dispersion. Soil dispersion hardens soil and blocks water infiltration, fashioning it difficult for plants to establish and grow. The decrease in decomposition causes soils to become infertile, foul alkali soils. The main concerns related to the relationship between salinity and sodicity of irrigation water are the effects on soil infiltration rates and hydraulic conductivities. Essentially, the swelling factor predicts whether sodium-induced dispersion or salinity-induced flocculation will more greatly affect soil physical properties.As said in (A.L., 2000). Soil composition plays an important role in all aspects of irrigated agriculture, and the role of soil texture with respect to effects of salinity and sodicity is no exception. Soil texture helps determine how much water will be able to passthrough the soil, how much water the soil can store, and the a bility of sodium to bind to the soil. The three main clay types are montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite clays. On the microscopic scale, each of these clays has a different lattice structure, i.e., different building blocks. This directly affects the ability of sodium to bind to each type. Basically, the more congest is granular material of a size somewhere between sand and clay whose mineral rail line is quartz and feldspar. May be found as a soil or settled under a body of water. Silt has a moderate specific area with a typically non-sticky, plastic determine. Silt usually has a floury feel when dry, and a slippery feel when wet. Silt can be visually observed with a sink lens. It is a loose sedimentary material with rock particles usually 1/20 millimeter or less in diameter also contains 80 percent or more of such silt and less than 12 percent of clay.Clay is heavy, sticky, fine grained soil that combines one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matt er. It is mainly composed of fine particles of hydrous aluminum silicates and other minerals, and that is used for brick, tile, and pottery. Clay, a fine grained soil, also differ with the other fine grained soils by means of size and mineralogy.Sand is a granular material that is mainly composed of finely split rocks and minerals that is very tiny and loose. It came from the disintegration of rocks, consists of particles smaller than gravel but coarser than silt, and is used in mortar, glass, abrasives, and foundry molds. The composition of sand is highly variable, depending on the local anaesthetic rock sources and conditions, but the closely common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica usually in the form of quartz.Loam is the multifariousness of sand, silt, and clay. Specifically, 40% silt, 40% sand, and 20% clay. These proportions can vary to a degree however, and result in different types of loam soils. This type of soil is good for growing plants because it contains more nutrients, moisture, and humus than sandy soils, have better drainage and infiltration of water and air than silt soils, and are easier to till than clay soils.ELECTROMAGNETISM/ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONIt is produced when electricity and magnetism were unified. The existing conjunction develops from the fact that an electric current (the flow of electrons in a metal) produces a magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference of voltage across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.SOIL SALINITY FIELD TESTSSFT is a procedure done by (Agriculture, 2000) to measure the salinity level in your soil. It is a test verified by NSW Agriculture in November 8, 2000 but claimed to be less accurate than lab tests by estimated 10%. Its objectives are to assess the salinity level of salinity and texture of the soil sample.A research by (Larsen, 2007) explained the effect of sodium ch loride solution on the growth of tomato plants. Its primary objective is to determine how different concentrations of a solution of sodium chloride affect primary growth in tomato plants.CATION-EXCHANGE CAPACITY (CEC) CEC s the number of exchangeable cations, an ion that has a positive charge per dry exercising weight that a soil is capable of holding at a accustomed pH value, and available for exchange with soil water solution. It is used to measure of soil fertility, nutrient retention capacity, and the capacity to protect groundwater from cation contamination.BASE volumeThe Fraction of exchangeable cations that are base cations (Ca, Mg and K ). The high the amount of exchangeable base cations, the moreaciditycan beneutralizedin the short time perspective. Thus, a soil with high cation-exchange capacity takes longer time to acidify (as well as to recover from an acidified status) than a soil with a low cation-exchange capacity (assuming similar base saturations).UNIT OF MEASUR EMENT FOR CEC meq/100g. or lb/acre. adaptation from meq/100g to lb/acre, for available nutrients, can be made by calculating, that considers the ions valence, atomic weight, and by estimating the soil depth and its density. THINGS THAT AFFECT CEC pH Level CEC is dependent on pH level, due to the Hofmeister series, which describes the relative potency of various Cations absorption to colloids. When soil acidity increases, pH decreases, more H+ ions are attached to cations. Inversely, when soil becomes more basic, pH increases, the available cations in solution decreases because there are fewer H+ ions to push cations into the soil solution from the colloids ( CEC increases ). ORGANIC MATTER Organic matter increases the CEC in soil by increasing its available negative charges. Organic matter in soil gives, usually, a positive impact on soil fertility. depository library DETERMINATION line with ammonium acetate -Silver-thiourea method (one-step centrifugal extraction )Chapter III Materials and MethodsMETHODOLOGYCOLLECTIONGather and prepare 7 containers. After, gain soils of different soil textures with at least 150g each. After collecting the soil textures, prepare 50g of sodium chloride for each sample.PREPARARATIONPrepare the gathered materials. The 3 observational setups will each have 3 containers which will contain the main soil composition and the other mixture of soil composition. Classify each container according to soil composition. Put at least 500 grams of assign soil composition.To control extraneous variables between each soil, each will be given respective amounts of water in accordance to their usual hydraulic level. And all will be exposed to the same environmental features. And since Silt Soils are most common in successful farming, it will serve as the control separate.TREATMENTTo ensure the regularity of the amount of soil, the researchers will conduct first observations after applying controlled variables. Using soil salinity yield test, measure the amount of salinity of the 3 main soil composition. Then after ensuring their regularity, do the same procedure to the control group which will be the silt soil and the remaining set-ups of mixed soil compositions. After recording the salinity level, apply 5 parts of water per 1 part of soil. At least 2.5 liters of 25% saline water must be added to each experimental unit. After letting the mixture set, apply the Soil Salinity Field Test. Take a soil sample and leave it to dry as long as achievable (leave sample bag or container open for at least a day to let moisture escape). It can be oven-desiccated on a tray in a cool oven. The samples must be crushed and dried so there are no large aggregates (clods of soil 2mm or larger). You may need to crush these aggregates with a mortar-and-pestle, rolling pin or hammer. Remove any foreign Matter, plant material and stones from the sample. The test involves adding one part soil for every five parts of water. So if you add 50g of soil (weighed on scales) to the testing container, then you need to add 250ml of water. didder the container for three minutes to make sure the salts dissolve. For clay loams and clay soils, more shaking (for one minute every 3 minutes reiterate three times) will bring more salts into the solution and increase the trueness of the test. Allow the solution to settle for a minute before testing. confide the salinity meter in the solution (but not in the soil in the bottom of the jar) and read the display once it has stabilized. Wash the meter electrodes and sample jar with distilled or rainwater, and dry. Convert your salinity meter readings to soil salinity (ECe) by multiplying the value by the Conversion Factor ground on the texture of the soil sample. For sand multiply it to a factor of 17. For Loams multiply by factor of 9.5. Clay loams and light loams will be multiplied by 8.6 and sandy loams by 13.8. After replications of procedures, increase the salinity level content of the water applied to the soil by 25% until it reaches a max percentage of 75% salinity level. At the end of the experiment, gather the data that was recorded. Analyze and compare the gathered data as to which soil composition gave a salinity reading that is approximately the closest to the regular salinity level mark.FlowchartStatistical Treatment unidirectional ANOVABibliography and SourcesA.L., M. (2000). Role of Soil Composition in agriculture. Retrieved from Soil compositions.Agriculture, N. (2000, October). How to Texture Soils Test for Salinity. Retrieved from Salinity notes http//www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/168866/texture-salinity.pdfBlaylock, A. D. (2004). How Salinity can greatly affect Soil Production. Retrieved from Effects of Salinity level on Soil.Graaff, V. d. (2001). Salinity Overview. Retrieved from Salinity.J.D, R. (1977). Salt or Sodium Chloride Properties. Retrieved from Salt.Larsen, S. (2007, October 15). The effects of Sodium Chloride ( NaCl) Solution on the growth of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum). Retrieved from https//www.pcc.edu/library/sites/default/files/sodium-chloride.pdfP., S. (2009). Soil composition properties. Retrieved from Soil Composition.Queensland. (2007, July). Natural Resources. Retrieved from Facts degrade Series http//222065430381538974.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/5/2/11520542/measuring_salinity_-_derm.pdfChapter IV data Analysis and Research FindingsChapter V Discussions and RecommendationsSummaryPurpose of the StudyThe purpose of this study was to analyze the salt level in different soil textures. For the researchers to be able to identify which soil composition/s give salt level that is approximately the closes to the regular salt level mark.Restatement of Research QuestionsThe research questions for this study were (1) To identify the variability of salinity level when two soil compositions are mixed. (2) How does the salinity level of each soil composition differ from the mixed soi l compositions? (3) Does the difference between the soil compositions have relevance to its permeability?Research MethodologyThe researchers used qualitative research method.ConclusionThe findings in this study indicate that loamy sand has the most salt tolerance than the other samples we have gathered and clay having the lowest.