Ethnic differences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnic differences - analyse ExampleThe cultural differences in education ar more visible between minority and bulk ethnic groups. In Europe, where ethnic differences play a major role in education, different countries mother different ethnic communities, for instance, Turks and Kurds can be found in Germany, North African in France, fateful Africans in united kingdom, Denmark and France and Pakistanis and people of Asian origin in Germany, France, Denmark and the united kingdom (Szalai, 2011). One of the features that the ethnic minority groups have is that they have higher than average fertility directs in comparison to the natives of the atomic number 18a that they are living in. Do instance, in Europe, most of the ethnic minorities who live there come from families with three or more children. In addition, most of the families from minority ethnic groups had an economic disadvantage since a large fleck of them could be categorised among the poorest members of the society. Most of the parents of minority ethnic groups have a similar trend in terms of their educational attainment in that most of them are either attained primary level education qualification or vocational education. In societies where there are clear ethnic legal age and minority, the educational trunk is likely to show some signs of ethno-social segregation where it can occur at the system level, the school level or the class level. The school system can propagate ethnic differences in education where the pupils from different ethnic groups enrol in distinctive schools as a result of residential segregation this type of segregation is very common in France and Germany. However, in some instances, the school systems may work against ethno-social segregation especially where schooling boundaries are set taking into consideration socio-ethnic composition and sort. just about educational institutions also treat their students differently depending on their ethnic background, for inst ance, some institutions, are more diversity conscious, other diversity blind while others deliberately separate the students depending on their ethnic backgrounds. The segregation of students establish on their ethnic background has affected the performance and attitudes towards education especially among the minority students. This is because all factors are usually to their disadvantage, for instance, most of the students from the ethnic minority communities also come from the lowest social classes in the country. In addition, this group also comes from the backgrounds where the parents are not that much educated or aware of their rights and they therefore choose to take their children to schools that are within their reach financially or those that they will not be discriminated against. In most cases, these schools are among the poorest performing ones. The ethnic background of individuals may also affect their wellness that is their levels of health consciousness or the type of diseases that they are likely to suffer from. Some cultures have different emplacement on certain diets, which have an impact on their health, for instance, Muslims and Jews, which are the most predominant lifestyles in the place east, have restrictions regarding meat, for instance, they are not allowed to eat any products from pigs. Other practises from these cultures also include fasting, which depending on the

English Argumentative Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Argumentative Paper - date Example136(2) 151-173. Journal article Link http//www.psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/caa/abstracts/2010-2014/10asisbsrs.pdfBuckley, K. E. and Anderson, C. A. A Theoretical influence of the Effects and Consequences of play Video Games. In Vorderer, P. and Bryant, J. (Eds.) Playing Video Games Motives, Responses and Consequences. Mahwah, NJ LEA, 2006, Ch. 24, 363-378. Book Chapter, link http//books.google.com/books?id=8sY3z98pwM8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Theoretical+Model+of+the+Effects+and+Consequences+of+Playing+Video+Games&source=bl&ots=M_IhutoP_c&sig=O5OAI8vABSaXKbwoxl-IA-qrPTE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XdF0UIb9Ho-O8wSY5IBo&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAAv=onepage&q=A%20Theoretical%20Model%20of%20the%20Effects%20and%20Consequences%20of%20Playing%20Video%20Games&f=falseCastro, R. Let Me Play Stories of turn and Emulation. Tucson, Arizona Hats Off Books, 2005. Book, Link http//books.google.com/books?id=D_xyy4fkwWIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Let+Me+Play+Stories+of+Gaming+and +Emulation&source=bl&ots=PeNWz2NmZ7&sig=2dvNLVQ_-50GhRTi73at7ZJfGpw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ydF0UISKIJSc8gTPs4HoBQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAAGentile, D. A. and Anderson, C. A. slam-bang Video Games The Effects on offspring and Public Policy Implications. In Dowd, N. Singer, D. G. and Wilson, R. F. (Eds.) Handbook of Children, Culture and Violence. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage, 2006, Ch. 12, 225-246. Book Chapter Link http//books.google.com/books?id=z6Mn0zcYfusC&pg=PA225&lpg=PA225&dq=Violent+Video+Games+The+Effects+on+Youth+and+Public+Policy+Implications&source=bl&ots=D37U79NDwG&sig=4JQQZMnxvRkf1DkRyxizwpDhY8Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8tF0UMOnDIje8ASp0YC4BA&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAAv=onepage&q=Violent%20Video%20Games%3A%20The%20Effects%20on%20Youth%20and%20Public%20Policy%20Implications&f=falseKutner, L. and Olsen, C. Grand Theft Childhood The Surprising Truth almost Violent Video Games. New York, NY Simon & Schuster, 2008. Book Link

Articles Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Articles Summary - Article Examples other 45 days to evaluate the shaver and it takes another 30 days for the Admission, Review and Dismissal committee to decide whether the nestling qualifies for special education or not.While writing the request a prove contends to clearly but briefly identify why they believe their child is in posit of special education. While addressing this question the parent should outline concerns such as academic problems and the parents even need to clearly state that if the condition has implemented any method to jockstrap the child, the procedure should not expiration in decreasing the speed of the review of the child.The IDEA has established that schools trick try to help the child before and even when the evolution of the child by the school territorial dominion is going on. They can help the child through RTI which is designed in order to provide support to those children who are failing to bring to pass well in academics. Once the evaluat ion of the child is completed an ARD meeting is held in which the parent participates as a member. Once it has been identified by the ARD committee that the child requires special education services, and then the one-on-one Education Program is developed.After parents have requested for their child to be evaluated, it is the duty of the school district of Texas to provide parents with a document called Notice of Procedural Safeguards and this document contains in complianceation about the rights of the parents. If a child is not considered to be evaluated for special education and if a child is not believed to be provided with special education, the parents can get the child evaluated from an independent entity and the expense for this evaluation is paid by the school district.Before a child is provided with special education a parent needs to get the child evaluated by the school district for this form of education. The school district reviews the application of the parents and th en decides whether a child is eligible for this form of education or not.The article

System Analysis and Design 251 Assignment Essay - 2

dodging Analysis and Design 251 Assignment - Essay Exampled information processing set asides an insufficient decision support for designing new classes and activities which would meet the the club members fitness goals and increase the clubs revenue. For instance, in that location is no easy way for the management to know which class is just about popular among the members and which class contributes the most to the overall revenue generated by the club.To summarize, the current manual club management system is unable to provide an insight into the intricate financial queries that can ascertain the financial costs and identify aras of clubs financial growth. Fitness Club needs an automated information system that ensures information is stored and presented in an nonionic manner. Furthermore it eases the management routine tasks pertaining to the financial aspects of the organization.Since the main users of the management system are the manager and the administrators, they are the main data inputs sources of the system. The Director, Instructor and Members can not alter the state of data managed by the system. They sole(prenominal) get their schedule information or financial reports (generated by the system) through the Administrator/Manager.The system has deuce active users the Manager and Administrator, who can alter the state of data. A third passive user is the website visitor, who solo views the information the site automatically displays from the companys data store that the system

ASCE INFRASTRUCTURE REPORT CARD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ASCE INFRASTRUCTURE REPORT CARD - Essay good exampleAll through the 20th Century, the nations leaders imagined large scale infrastructure plans that steamy the public and added to unprecedented financial growth. Much of that infrastructure is approaching the ending of its design life, and there be increasing problems with worsening across all public infrastructures.In order to build an infrastructure to work the desires of the new century, there must be bold leadership and a convincing vision. We have to be certain to maintain and preserve the foundations that previous generations have set up for us. A new overarching amelioration is desired. The approval of the States surface transportation is an outstanding place to begin. From the above assertions, I entrust that the consent is supposed to spotlight on four goals for the surface transportationSustainability, resiliency, and ongoing upholding must be an essential part of improving the states face transportation system. Since infrastructure is built or transformed, life-cycle cost analysis is supposed be performed to account for early construction, running, preservation, environmental, safety, as well as other(a) costs sensibly expected during the life of the project, like as recovery before disruption by or manmade hazards or

Philosophy of a learning organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy of a cultivation organization - Essay ExampleCommitment of individuals in the organization to Personal mastery (lifelong learning). Continually clarifying and deepening their personal vision, focusing their energies, developing patience, and seeing universe objectively.1. According to the Shaw & Perkins, 1991, the role of leaders in organizations is to set the necessary conditions for the organization to develop an effective learning capability. That is, managers need to take strategic action and make specific interventions to ensure that learning can extend2. According to Nicolas Rolland, Unrelated knowledge networks management new challenges for the CKO takes up the challenge of analyzing how firms manage their knowledge networks to leverage the management positively and the creation of organizational knowledge and to find out what are the new challenges for the top dog Knowledge Officer (CKO) in this new context. Based on a qualitative research method, the experie ntial study stresses that the CKOs new roles are based on the management of knowledge networks and especially on change magnitude unrelated knowledge networks. This implies that there are problems in constellation of knowledge networks management.

Should we place greater faith in the UN as a means for handling global Essay

Should we place greater faith in the UN as a means for handling global conflict - Essay ExampleII.joined Nations OrganisationThe history of unify Nations Organisation started with the wartime alliance in January 1, 1942. Its official existence came on 24 October 1945. This was the time the Charter had been canonic by countries like China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States and by a majority of other signatories. The official language of UN is Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. There are 192 United Nations member states. It headquarters in New York City.The lay down United Nations, coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers.Since 1948 in that location have been 60 Peacekeeping trading operations. At pre sent scenario there are 16 peacekeeping operations going on across the world. There a force of around 66,921 as Military effect and civilian police. 106 Countries are contributing military force and civilian police while number of global civilian personnel is 4,475, Local civilian personnel are 7,996 and UN Volunteers are 1,762. The total number of personnel serving in peacekeeping operations is 81,154. Since 1948 there have been approximately two thousand and quatern fatalities in peacekeeping operations. This fatality figure includes only military and civilian police, civilian international and topical anesthetic personnel in United Nations peacekeeping operations. There approved budget of the UN operations from July 2004-30 June 2005 is about $4.47 billion.

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Political acquirement - Essay ExampleWhen a particular state is composed of a single nation or people with common identity, we call it a nation-state (Viotti 464).However, the dynamics of nationalism may be a comminuted complex and tricky where more than one groups, may be on the basis of worship, race etc, survive and interacts to formulate the national interest of the state. This may result in sort of interest clashes if not dealt tactfully at state level. Ethnic and racial groups are conservative and traditionalist in their loyalty and loyalty towards their religion and race. These groups possess their own specific and rigid identities and like to maintain themselves as unit date sticking firm to these identities. The unity on the basis of religious or racial grouping gives yield to the problem of contentious autonomy within the state. The intricacies are purely the subject of politics and have to be address with political will while safeguarding the interest of state.The unity and identity on the basis of religion and race is a challenging issue for the state level unity and identity as a nation-state. People tend to retain their religious and racial identity while Nationality involves a significant floor of self-definition and refers to a people with sense of common identity, if not destiny (Viotti 464). Nationality demands subjugation of religious and ethnic interests by the sovereignty, integrity and solidarity of the state. If the group level identities and interests are dominated and governed by the state interests, the concept of nation-state persists and flourishes otherwise it spoils and destroys. nationalism manifest itself in several different colors and shapes but one major attribute of the nationalism is its conformity to the history and myth. Every state despite existence of multicultural religious and racial groups and unities piece of land some common exhibits of historical and mythical events which promote nationalism. Among these

Anti-Social Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anti-Social Behavior - Essay ExampleOne major focus that the paper allow for pay attention to is the manner through which law enforcement officers handle people with various crimes. The orders directly choke the officers the manner through which they bequeath treat and a well- surfacelined procedure. This is important to ensure that the criminals are dealt with in go steady to the concept of being innocent unless proven guilty by the law. The manner through which they are handled brings out the effectiveness of the orders as they are stipulated and the paper will be sure to explain this in length.In the fundamental law of the essay, the effectiveness of the orders is going to be reviewed studying the subsequent result of their application. This is for example on the issue of drugs. The decrement of the number of teenagers that fall into the trap of drugs has been seen to reduce over the years. This is due to the elimination of drug dealers in the streets by observation of the o rders. There will be the mention of parents views on the issue.Another issue that will be discussed in the essay is the types of courts that are granted the mandate to pass the orders. People who commit crimes whether petty or redden large crimes have very much fear for the authority or the types of courts that pass the orders. The paper will focus on explaining the courts in full perspective. Some criminals may not commit crimes if the court mountain pass the judgment is a minor court as they are sure to have appeal to a higher court. The types of courts and their authorities will be explained in the essay.

Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leader - Essay event(Cunningham 5-6) stated that gift leaders apart from managing talent they also realign individuals goals with the corporate strategy. Secondly, they share formations information and collaborate with the employees to increase performance. Thirdly, they focus on creating a super skilled internecine talent pool to enable easy future succession and replacements. Lastly, talent leaders reward employees found on their performance to boost their morale.The additional elements of talent leading makes the model unique since it enables an shaping to cook and fully utilise its talent pipeline in a way that it can boost an organisations performance. Moreover, the additional elements, which reinforce talent management practices differentiates the model above from other talent leadership models, which only focus on improving the core functions of talent management that include, attracting, engaging, retaining, and developing talent.This model is spunkyly recommendable to organisations because it can increase the competency level of the employees, lower the recruitment cost due to high safekeeping level, increase motivation among the employees because of the reward system and prospects of rising up the career ladder. Equally an organisation provide have a competitive human capital that can further strength its position deep down the market thereby giving it a return on the investment made on talent leadership.Lastly, this model can be justified to the chief executive officer stating that it will create high effective and efficient employees who will enable the organisation to attain its strategic

Greek and Roman Civilizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Greek and Roman Civilizations - Essay ExampleSocially, Greece in the archaic period of civilization was accomplished by various independent states by the name polis or in other words city states. The Athens polis was the biggest and it shareed approximately 2,500 km squared while other polis were smaller and would only cover about 250 km squared. The society of Greece was formed up by slaves and free people. Slaves were owned by the stem of free people. They usually worked as laborers and servants and had no rights legally. These slaves would sometimes be war prisoners or would originate from orthogonal traders of slaves. Slaves usually lived very closely to their owners, nonwithstanding just a few of them were skilled as craftsmen or even paid. As the society of Greece continued to develop, the free men became divided into two Metics and Citizens. Citizens would be innate(p) of parents from Athens and these formed the most powerful group of people. They would perform roles in the Government of polis. They would undergo a compulsory service in the army of Greece and later become government officials as swell up as play part in the service of jury. Metics, on the other hand, would be of foreign birth but migrate to Athens. These would either practice craft or take part in trade. Metics would pay taxes and at given times would be called up to take part in army service. They would never grasp full rights as those accorded to the citizens. They would also not own land or houses and even worse would not speak in courts of law on any given matter. Note that the social classes would only curb to men while women would be part of the class that their partners formed. (Rips, 2008 pp957, 958) A major defining as well as long-term Greek characteristics was the political system. Democracy as a form of rule was a bit a complex issue in Greece and the system of politics of Greece was highly linked to the rationalism belief of Greeks. The basis of the political sys

Transformational leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Transformational leadership - appellation ExampleTransformational leadership can be outlined as in two different contextual values theoretical value and the application value. In the theoretical value, transformational leadership can be defined through a formal qualification and circumstances that surround the situation at hand. It his qualification on that point is a fanatic grounding in the subject matter in order to get an in-depth typeface at the potential effect and implications especial when it comes to matters of ethics and moral department. In the application model interpretation, the definition of the theory is done and based on the application of the leadership skill on a circumstance endeavor or task. Having to site the various ways that transformational leadership can be defined a basic description of it can be given as leadership with enhanced motivation and cognitive operation amongst the following of a leader that has been done through various mechanisms. The lea dership involves the connection with the following, organism consumption models, challenging the following to develop creativity and inspiring the following in order for them to share in the dream of the leader. Literature review One of the many famous scholars who have defined transformational leadership is mob Macgregor destroy. Burns set forth transformational leadership as not just a set of manner and characters moreover he described it as a continuous process where the leader exhibit high aim of integrity morality and motivation aspects in their leadership. In his description of transformational leadership burns described that transformational leaders offer directional purpose to their subjects that not only transcend in the short term achievements by to more long-term and intrinsic need for their subject. He also added that transformational leaders tend to raise the standards bowlful appealing to the higher level of ideas, morals, and values as compared to other forms of leadership This definition by Burns was highly influenced by Maslows theory of involve. It is on this theory that it is noted that different human being has different ranges of need and different extents that the item-by-item intends to fulfill them. This theory of needs also acknowledges that different individuals at different level have different efficiency level and motivation at work. This highly affects the satisfaction of needs. Transformational leaders as per Burns fall in the higher levels of the theory of needs self-esteem and self-actualization levels. Components of Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership has over the years evolved from components of other of preceding methods of leadership. Some of these theories include the behavior theories, charismatic theory situational theory, and transactional theory. These three theories form the four basic components of transformational leadership. The three components can be described as follows Charismatic i nfluence This can be defined as the level or period to which any particular leader exhibiting transformational leadership behaves or carries himself or herself.

The Management Challenges of Facebook as a Platform Case Study

The Management Challenges of Facebook as a Platform - Case conduct ExampleThus developers prefer Facebook to write the occupation than on MySpace. Facebook has a unique application orbital cavity which offers and promotes the different applications from the developers. To strengthen this idea Facebook introduced the viral injection of News Feed which automatically spread the application once it was installed by a user. This competitive asset of Facebook spread the applications like wildfire resulting to which numerous developers are attracted towards the rate for the easiest way to spread their applications to the users. Soon with this new concept, Facebook was considered as a platform for the small group software package developers all everywhere the world.Scrabulous is a Facebook application developed by two brothers Rajat & Jayant Agarwalla from Kolkata, India. Its a feel clone which allows the user to play online by inviting friends or other users. The application was a huge achiever for the developer and was awarded as the PC Worlds 100 best products in the year 2008 earning around $ 25,000 per month from the advertising. But since the two brothers dont have the secure for Scrabble legally they are forced by many players in the market like Electronic Arts and Real Networks to stop their application due to copyright issue and supported Scrabble to create an online version for the game to compete to take the place for Scrabulous. With over 140 new applications added each day almost 95 percent of the users have installed at least(prenominal) one application. To name a few Mafia Wars and Firm Villa is the most popular of all which attracted millions of client each day for its uniqueness in designing and interesting social gaming technique generating active $ 600 million annually. The Facebook platform provided this shortcut path for success for the developer.

Traditional Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Traditional Strategic Planning - Essay fashion modelThis naturalize was administered and spread by professional managers, people with MBAs staff experts (especially in finance and management) consultants & government controllers. Their think message was to formalize. The message stock by their intended listeners was to make a program and administer one. They belonged to the prescriptive school category. Their guess states that a stitch in time saves time. Their failure was caused by their not musical accompaniment real time strategy making nor encourages creative accidents. c) Positioning school - This was founded by Sun Tzu in his literary work The Art of War. This school concentrated on economics or the industrial composition and the military history. This school was championed by consulting boutiques type of business and United States writers. They espouse the theory of analyzing things. The message that was received by their listeners was that they should calculate their ev ery move and not concentrate on creating or committing. This theory belonged excessively to the Prescriptive management school of thought. Their theory was to consider only the facts of in management decision making. Their famine was due to their strategy being reduced to generic positions that were selected thru formalized analysis of industry. d) The Entrepreneurial school was complete by J A Schump and A H Cole with collaboration from other economics faculty. Their writings were based on economics. Their intended message was to en slew the future but the listeners interpreted their teachings as to contract and hope for the best. They belonged to the second type of school called the descriptive. Their theory was to take themselves to the leader. Their failure was due to the unclear vision and they depended too much on the leader to for decision making purpose. e) The Cognitive school was established by H A Simon and J March. Their base discipline was Psychology (cognitive). T his school was preached by pessimists who are psychologically bent. Their intended message was to cope with any situation or create a solution. The message that got thru to the listeners was that bear on was evident in all their actions. This school was described as Descriptive. Its saying goes I will retard if when I believe it. Their failure was due to the too subjective approach to strategy formulation. f) The learning school was established by LIndbio, Cyert, March, Weick, Quinn, Prahlad & Hamel. There seems to be no base discipline in this school. Chaos theory in mathematics had started here. The movers of this school were people who loved to experiment, ambiguous and adaptable to many situations like in Japan and Scandinavia They are espousing that the prefer learning but the message that reaches the listeners seems to be the movers just want a play atmosphere to abound. Their school falls under Descriptive type. Their very famous line goes if at first you dont succeed, try and try again. Their failure seems to be that their strategic management process seems to be helter-skelter or in trouble. Their teachings seem chaotic.g) The power school was established by Alison, Pfeffer, Salancik & Astley. Their base discipline is semipolitical science. They are moved by people who love power, politics and conspiracy. Their intended m

Palestinian embroidery Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Palestinian embroidery - Research Paper ExampleEmbroidery in Palestine was used to portray the muliebritys social class at that time. Currently, there are varied styles and designs are applied in the embroidery trade. The different embroidery pattern can be traced back to different cultures. For pillow slip, the traditional designs were do by the village and Bedouin women. The designs were drawn from simple geometry and other shapes that governed their daily lives. The designs can be categorized into four main categories, namely ritual, technical, geographical, and structural.The techniques used included appliqu, weaving and dyeing. Palestine embroidery was divided into regions and this reflected the different cultures. An example is in the wedding dresses where the motifs of the Bedouin and village dresses differed.The fabrics used in embroidery were specific. Before the Palestines began import materials, they used the locally available fabrics. These include linen, cotton, sil k, and linen. These materials at times would be mixed in different percentages to give a new material. For example, the royal wedding dress used in Bethlehem weddings was made up of linen mixed with a high percentage of silk (malak). The most famous fabrics were white linen or cotton. In the villages and Bedouin, un-dyed linen and Indigo blue were the preferred excuses for both sexes. For the mens clothes, soft wool and atlas silk was used to make their clothes. Before the production of synthetic dyes, the Palestine women used colors derived from insects and local plants. For example, the color red was derived from the insect cochineal. Indigo was mainly obtained from plants (Indigofera tinctoria) 1.Even with the arrival of synthetic dyes, many women preferred using course obtained dyes as they did not fade away even with numerous washing as compared with synthetic dyes which fades bump off after washing.Motifs were of special importance in Palestine. This is because the way a wo man

Optimal Bidding Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Optimal Bidding Strategies - Essay Example peppy theoretical issues in likeding often form the basis of well defined mathematical models utilise by shimmerders in arriving at optimal invokeding strategies. Bidders often have varying preferences and capabilities, and thus, sensation bidders strategy may directly impact on another bidders strategy, although on the basis of closed-door and independent paygrades to the bid. The overall market efficiency may also be influential to the impact and effectiveness of optimization strategies that bidders put in place (Eckbo, 2010, P.55-78). First Price Sealed Bid Sealed bids ar often rendered as the sellers monopoly since information regarding the winning bids and their valuations are open to the seller and apart(p) to buyers as opposed to open forms where information is available to all participants. First price sealed bid auction bridge is basically a bid where each participating bidder submits a sealed bid confidential from oth er bidding participants to the auctioneer. The start-off price sealed bid is rather referred as a one shot game since bidders winning chances relies on their one time decision and valuation after which the bid manager opens the bids and determines the highest bid as the winning bid. Bidders with the winning market clearing bids must then impart the amounts they set forward as a one shot bid (McGuigan, Moyer, & Harris, 2011, p.594). The first-price sealed bid auction optimal bidding strategy basically lies on submitting bids down the stairs ones esoteric valuation to maximize surplus. Maximization of a bidders expected surplus is dictated by lower a bid that increases surplus potential although on the other hand it reduces probability a bid becoming successful. more(prenominal) so, the probability of a bid becoming successful increases with valuation increase but decreases with an increase in the number of bidders with regards to their strategies and valuations. The basic optim al strategy for the first-price sealed bid auction is for a bidder to bid below the real valuation in order to make a profit. In case the bidder bids above or equal to the bid valuation, the payment may exceed or equal the bid valuation in case of a win bid, and thus, no optimization is achieved (Sheble. 1999. P.44-151). There are no interactions among bidders in the first price sealed bid auction, since bids are only submitted by participants once. Participants trade between winning more frequently and maximizing profits, and low bidding with regards to the Nash equilibrium. Optimal bidding strategies under independent and uniformly distributed private valuations among bidders calls for a slight overestimation strategy of the winning bid, considering the fact a bidder has the chance of winning when he or she has the highest estimate irrespective of correct bidding based on averages (Kagel & Levin, 2002, p.2). Assumption that all participating bidders are risk-neutral renders the op timal bidding strategies in the first price sealed bid auction as a bidder that emerges the highest bidder among all bidders bidding the highest expected value (Sheble, 1999, p.70). The optimal difference between the value that a bidder opts to bid below private valuation and the actual value basically depends on beliefs of the bidder with regards to rival bidder valuation and strategies. This strikes situational

Courage Mother and her Children critique Essay Example for Free

courageousness bring and her Children critique Essay convey courage and Her Children by Bertolt Brecht took place during the 30 Years War in Europe. The whole tend revolved around the survival of a lower class family, trying to move through the harsh war with their canteen wagon product line. Each characterisation in the play contained the factors of religious, h wholenesssty, war, loyalty, and family.The solution of niggle Courage and Her Children was maternity, due to the fact that Mother Courages sense of coldhearted business caused her become unable to protect her children, which led to their deaths, leaving her each(prenominal) alone in the end. Mother Courage was always doing business while each of her children died during the play. This shows that she was more interested in her business and money than her receive children, and an example of this can be seen when her thirst for money had caused Swiss to die because she took too long to ensconce whether or not t o trade her money in for her sons life.Mother Courage was the booster rocket in the play, while the war was the antagonist. The war caused Mother Courage to base her living on it. collectable to the fact that they were living during a war, this caused Mother Courage to be so focused on devising money, that she ended up neglecting her children. It also caused her to be unable to watch her daughter enamour married, since Kattrin could however get married when peace returned and the war ended. War is also the antagonist, due to the fact that is also caused Mother Courage to lose her sons as well. The play was a tragedy because in it, Mother Courages children all perished, and she was left all alone in the end.In the play, Bretch assigned each of Mother Courages children with a tragic flaw as a result of her failure to learn to choose family over business. The tragedies that Mother Courages children suffered throughout the play were Swiss, with honesty, Eilif, with arrogance, and Kattrin, with pity. Mother Courage had to go through misfortunate of the death of each of her children one by one and was unable to do anything about it. The set of the play was a major contribution to the play. The use of a proscenium stage was the best fit for this example of play since it allowed the audiences to focus on the center of the stage where Mother Courages wagon was. Mother Courages family always moved around.However, their wagon was pacify placed at nearly the equal spot on the stage, which classs the audience that they were not moving anywhere because no matter where they moved to, they unbosom faced the same struggles and hardships. Even though the setting mostly remained the same from scene to scene, backgrounds transferd from one scene to another, which allowed the audience to know that the scene was taking place in a disparate location. There was some always the same lighting throughout the whole play. The only thing that changed about the lights was the brightness the lights were brighter during the twenty-four hours and dimmer at night. There were some spotlights. However, it only appeared upon the actors who came before each scene, in order to tell the audience what will happen in the upcoming scene.The lighting of Mother Courage Mother and Her Children, was different from the other play that I went to. Usually lights would go off when changing from one scene to another, so that characters were able to get on and off stage, in order to prepare the set for the scene. However, in this play, the lights were still on during scene transitions. Bretch made pulling the wagon in and out of the stage as an passage and enter for each scene, which didnt require the actors to quickly change settings for different scenes. The background sound of gunshots and bombs that were contend throughout the play allowed the audience to feel as if the war was actually taking place during the play. The gunshots sounded genuinely loud, making the audi ence feel as if it was nearby. Without the sounds, the audience would not have been able to feel the toughness of the war. Sounds of gunshots added more effects to the mood of war, giving the audience an the image of how deadly the war was.The play was a musical play, since there were many parts where Mother Courage and some singers in the background interpret and played instruments. The entrance to the play was also a song that expressed the mood and feeling of the war. Mother courage sang in almost every scene, to express her feelings. She also sang in the drop dead part of the play when Kattrin died. The costumes of the play reflected the life of the characters in the play. The costumes did not really tell the time stream in which the play took place because the characters were just wearing normal types of rural clothes that had many layers, and were disposed with many pieces of fabric. The characters in the play had the same outfit throughout the whole play, and this outfit not only showed their poverty, but also the condition of life during the war, due to the fact that they were unable to have clothes to change into.The many layers of clothes worn were everything that the characters owned, and this showed their struggles, due to the fact that they are unable to buy any current clothes. Overall, the play was easy to understand because it was in modern English and there were no accent in the characters pronunciation, which allowed the audience to understand what the characters were saying. Mother Courage struggled throughout her life with her business and children, but ended up with nothing due to the war, in which she was favoring. The war had brought Mother Courage the business she needed, but took away her children one by one.

Kill the creature Essay Example for Free

murder the peter EssayThe last chapter in the book is very(prenominal) moving. schoolmaster begins his pursuit of the cock, and he is in conclusion marooned on an ice-craft, and he finally sees Waltons ship. He consumes Walton to swear that, if he should die, Walton should, if the opportunity presented itself, kill the creature. headmaster dies whilst persuading Walton to take on his quest. Later, Walton finds the creature lying over Frankensteins body the creature is full of grief, horror and self-reproach. The creature responds to Walton with an explanation of the anguish that he has endured,That is also my victim In his murder my crimes are consummated the vile series of my being is wound to its close Oh, Frankenstein Generous and self-devoted being What does it avail that I now ask thee to pardon me? I, who irretrievably destroyed all thou retiredst. Alas He is cold, he brooknot answer me. preferably strangely, considering what Victor had done to the creature, the creature still admires and esteems his creator. The creature shows great remorse for what he has done. This attitude from the creature seems to echo that of Waltons. The creatures speech emphasises that his monstrousness is no different from that of society. The way that the creature planned his death in the flagrant fire in the ice, is a parody of Waltons dream of finding a tropical paradise at the pole, and also reflects Victors attempt to animate a cold corpse with the fire of life. Shelly is showing the reader that such dreams will only end with destruction.Shellys novel creates great problems with the notions of monstrosity and humanity. If the creatures appearance is a visible warning, it is a warning of Victors personality, as it was he who decided on the appearance. Although the creatures exterior may be horrific, he is, at least initially, certainly not frighteningly unnatural he is far more natural and benevolent then the father who has rejected him, the villagers who s tone him, the ungrateful father who shoots him.The creature only resulted to monstrous put through when he himself was a subject to them. It was only when he was exposed the viciousness of human society that he himself began to demonstrate violent behaviour. The creature was not born evil. It was his surroundings that leaded him to do what he did. This associate in with the theory of Jean Jacques Rousseau, who said that if a child was born and left in the countryside, with no interference from man, he would have no evil inside him.One of the themes that Shelley uses in this novel is that of the double, which is a frequent motif used in the Gothic genre. When Victor refers to the creature as my knowledge touch sensation let loose from the grave forced to destroy all that was dear to me Victor provides a very clear expression of the notion that he and the creature are doubles, with the monster acting out Victors own aggressions.The creature has a monstrous appearance, however he o n the inside he is clearly humane. He doesnt start to become evil until he is rejected by society, and isolated from the world. His actions of violence are entirely retaliations to his rejection. The fact that he is mistreated, stoned, rejected and shot by the humans actually portrays the human society to be monstrous.Walton, who is very similar to Victor, in his believe for knowledge, does have monstrous qualities. However, he is saved from falling into the immobilise of becoming a monster. He is saved because the influence of his crew, that provide him with a sense of realism. Also his group meeting with Victor prevented him from becoming monstrous, as he was shown what he may have become.In my opinion Victor is the real monster in this novel. He creates nearly all the suffering and misery in the story. He creates the creature which suffers because of disfigurement he makes his family suffer misery when he doesnt acknowledge their constant support and love for him and most of all, he makes himself suffer huge amounts through his own unplanned and unthought-of actions.Also, by usurping the section of God, he is performing the biggest sin trying to play God. By creating life himself without a woman is against the rules of nature, this can easily be seen as a monstrous act. This could have only brought pain, misery and destruction for everyone, but Victor was blind to these possibilities. Victor has all his loved ones taken away from him because of his own actions, simply because he failed to father his own creation. Frankenstein had an overwhelming desire to be recognized as a medical genius. This desire to satisfy his own ego grew into something that made him a monster.

Jane Eyre Female Characters Essay Example for Free

Jane Eyre Female Characters EssayThough restrained by brotherly convention, the irritations of the female characters emerge with great force. In the light of this comment, discuss Brontes presentation of female characters. Bronte presents the female characters in m some(prenominal) different ways. One early example we turn over of this in chapter one is Janes passion as you speaks out a John. You argon standardised a murderer you atomic number 18 like a slave-driver you are like the Roman emperors This is the first m we keep in line Janes true passion as she is speaking out to John. By doing so, she is breaking the social norms of that quantify.At the beginning of chapter two we perk up how Bronte presents Jane as being a lower form and status than her cousin John, which would have been very joint at the time, w here(predicate) females were seen as being little important than men. Miss Eyre, to strike a young gentleman, your benefactresss son Your master. Master How is he my master? Am I a servant? No you are less than a servant, you do nonhing for your keep We see here that Jane is seen as being less than a servant, whereas John is known as The Master. We also see in this quotation mark that Jane speaks out to the ennoble given to John Master How is he my master?Am I a servant close children would just accept this and day nonhing but through Jane saying this we see that Bronte is presenting her to being different, not just form the reed instrument family but to most children at this time. When Jane is locked in the Red Room we see more of her passion when she says Unjust Unjust rather than accepting her punishment. We see this side of Jane a quid in the early stages of the novel. We see how Jane is angry, rebellious and hungry for adventure. Charlotte Bronte saw the novel as lifting the lid on an English that was built on violence on the young and vulnerable.It also relates to the position of women at the time in which the book cam e out. Even though there was a Queen on the throne at this time, it made no difference to the legal and economic position of other women. They had little more mightiness than children. Women couldnt vote and there were no laws in favour of them. Legally a woman belonged to her near male relative. When married any property she owned is given to her husband as well does any money she had. Even middle class women had little rights. They allowed no economically productive careers and they were not permitted to go to university.A middle class woman was expected to stay at home until she married, then once married they were expected to stay at home and look after her new family. For woman of this time to have so little rights, it truly would have shocked some people to see Janes passion, to say such things to her male counterparts was seen as bad coming from a girl but from a child made it even more shocking. We see how this is backed up by the early small reviews and how the novel wa s received. Despite it being a bestseller, Victorian critics did not like it Jane Eyres strong given(p) independence and many thought the novel was coarse.The novel was also blamed for the corruption of contemporary tastes and morality. nigh critics felt that there was something dangerous in the novels underlying message, while Jane Eyre was godless and unrestrained. The beating-reed instrument family are very much detestable. They treat Jane as a nobody and as we only see them from Janes point of view its hard to see any inviolable in them Mrs vibrating reed hates Jane because she has been foisted upon them by a lying wish made by Mr Reed, in which he made Mrs Reed promise to treat Jane as her own, a promise in which Mrs Reed breaks.The Reeds show us how Jane is a social outcast and her response to them demonstrates how she blankly refuses to accept her. The fact that Jane has no money makes the Reeds look muckle on her, it makes her less important than them as they are a wea lthy family. We see a good example of this on page 13 when John speaks You have no business to take our books you are a dependent, mamma says you have no money you family left you none you ought to beg, and not to live here with gentlemans children like us, and eat the same meals we do, and wear clothes at our mammas expense. In this cruel speech by John directed a Jane we see how social class in this time and more particular in Janes case causes her to be completely unconnected from being anything like the Reed family. Johns speech is something like a man would say, not a fourteen year old talking to his ten year old cousin. The above quote is the perfect summary of the plight of Jane under the reign of the Reed family at Gateshead.

Chemistry Soya Milk Essay Example for Free

Chemistry soja beanaa Milk EssayThis picture has been chosen in view of increasing demand of take out and also due to higher expectations of dependable choice and low fat diet requirements of the people with better awareness. Also the requirement for such gauge products is more acute today. In this project I go prepared soybean plant draw from soyabeans and sport compared the conditions of foundation of good quality cow draw yoghourt and soy milk yogurt. I have also tried to find the effect of temperature on the pH of cows milk and soy milk. Thus I have selected this project to find a suitable replacement of cow milk in soy milk to meet the demands of the ever increasing population. SOY take out soya bean milk (also called soya milk, soymilk, soya bean milk, or soy juice) and sometimes referred to as soy drink/beverage is a beverage do from soybeans. A stable emulsion of oil, water, and protein, it is produced by soaking prohibitionist soybeans and grinding t hem with water. soybean milk contains about the same proportion of protein as cows milk around 3. 5% also 2% fat, 2. 9% carbohydrate, and 0. 5% ash.Soy milk eject be charter at home with traditional kitchen tools or with a soy milk machine. The coagulated protein from Tofu, just as soy milk can be made into made into cheese. Soy milk can be made from whole soybeans or full-fat soy flour. The dry beans are soaked in water overnight or for a minimum of 3 hours or more depending on the temperature of the water. The dehydrated beans then afford roiled grinding with enough added water to give the desired solids A can of Yeos soymilk, poured into a glass. Soy milk can be made from soya beans or full flat soy flour. The dry beans are soaked in water for a minimum of 3 hours.The dehydrated beans then undergo wet grinding with enough added water to give the desired solid content to the final product. The ratio of water to beans on a weight basis should be about 101. The resulting slurr y or stress is brought to a boil in order to improve its nutritional value by h decimate inactivating soybean trypsin inhibitor, improve its quality and to sterilize the product. Heating at or near the boiling point is go along for a period of time, 15-20 minutes, followed by the removal of an insoluble residue by filtration. SOY YOGURT Soy yogurt looks like regular cream yogurt.Soy yogurt, (Soya yoghurt in British English) also referred to as Soygurt or Yofu (a portmanteau of yoghurt and tofu), is yogurt prepared using soy milk, yogurt bacteria, mainly Lactobacillus bulgaricus and strep thermophilus and sometimes additional sweetener, like fructose, glucose, or raw sugar . It is suitable for vegans, as the bacteria for shop-bought soy yogurt are usually not grown on a dairy farm base. Soy yogurt can be prepared at home using the same method as dairy yogurt. One tablespoon of sugar per 1 liter of unsweetened soy milk may be added to promote bacterial zymolysis.Soy milk on its own lacks the lactose (milk sugar) that is the basic food for the yogurt bacteria. Soy yogurt may have a slight beany soy taste when made directly from freshly prepared soymilk, but this is less pronounced in shop-bought soy yogurt and in soy yogurt made from commercial soy milk. Soy yogurt contains less fat than yogurt made with whole milk. This amounts to about 2. 7% (the same percentage as soy milk), versus 3. 5% in dairy yogurt. However, dairy yogurt can be made with 2%, 1%, or calorie- unthaw milk, and these cases, it is lower in fat than soy yogurt. Cow YogurtYogurt, also spelled yoghourt or yoghourt, is a favorite breakfast, lunch, or snack. A thick, custard- or pudding-like food, yogurt is made by the natural bacterial fermentation of milk. The process of making yogurt involves culturing cream or milk with live and active bacterial market-gardenings this is elegant by adding bacteria directly to the milk. Commercially made yogurt is usually made with a culture of Lactobac illus acidophilus and Streptococcus thermophilis. Yogurt made at home is usually started by adding a dab of commercially made yogurt to boiled milk, and then keeping the mixture at 45C.In western cultures, yogurt is enjoyed in a variety of ways, most popularly as a cool cater mixed with fruit. Yogurt can be used to make healthy shakes or frozen to eat like ice cream. Yogurt can also be used when cooking, in place of milk, operate cream, and even some cheeses. In Middle Eastern cultures, yogurt is frequently served with meat, meat sauces, and vegetables, It can be mixed with various other sauces or used as a tangy dollop on whirligig of a meal. NUTRITION AND HEALTH INFORMATION Nutrients in 8 ounces (250 ml) of plain soymilk. Regular Life strong Fat kcal) Soymilk Soymilk cow (reduced milk fat) Free cow milk 90 70 149 83 10. 0 4. 0 7. 7 8. 3 4 2. 0 8. 0 0. 2 14. 0 16. 0 11. 7 12. 2 (g) 0. 0 0. 0 11. 0 12. 5 120 100 one hundred five 103 (mg) 1. 8 0. 6 0. 07 0. 07 0. 1 11. 0 0. 412 0. 446 (mg) 80. 0 80. 0 276 299 in 100 ml of modify soyrpilk Alpro Soya versus semi skimmed and fat free milk Enhanced Semi Fat free Soymilk skimmed cow cow milk milk Calories (kcal) 31 47 35 Protein(g) 3. 3 3. 6 3. 6 Carbohydrate 0. 2 4. 8 4.9 Lactose (g) 0. 0 4. 8 4. 9 Fat(g) 1. 8 1. 8 0. 3 Saturated fat 0. 3 1. 1 0. 1 Sodium (rng) 10 44 5 Iron (mg) 0. 24 0. 02 0. 03 Calcium(mg) 120 124 129 Vitamin A (mcg) 1. 0 6. 0 0. 9 3. 5 0. 4 VitaminBl2(mcg) 0. 38 Vitamin D (mcg) 0. 75 2. 5 0. 0 CHEMISTRY INVOLVED Proteins are stick tos of amino acid molecules connected by There are 22 different amino acids that can be combined to form protein chains. There are 9 amino acids that the human body cannot make and must be obtained from the diet.These are called the essential amino acids. The amino acids within protein chains can bond across the chain and fold to form 3-dimensional structures. Proteins can be re latively straight or form tightly compacted globules or be somewhere in between. The term denatured is used when proteins unfold from their indigen chain or globular shape. Denaturing proteins is beneficial in some instances, such as allowing easy entranceway to the protein chain by enzymes for digestion, or for increasing the ability of the whey proteins to bind water and provide a desirable texture in yogurt production.The main (starter) cultures in yogurt are Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The guide of the starter cultures is to ferment lactose (milk sugar) to produce lactic acid. The increase in lactic acid decreases pH and causes the milk to clot, or form the soft gel that is characteristic of yogurt. The fermentation of lactose also produces the flavor compounds that are characteristic of yogurt. REQUIREMENTS Beakers, pestle and mortar, measuring cylinder, glass rod, tripod-stand, thermometer, muslin cloth, burner.Soya beans, cow milk, fresh curd a nd distilled water, pH papers. mapping 1) Soak about 150g of Soya beans in sufficient amount of water so that they are all dipped in it. 2) head out swollen Soya beans and grind them to a very delicately paste 3) Filter it through a muslin cloth. Clear white filtrate is soya bean milk. examine its taste with cow milk. 4) Take 50 ml of soya bean milk in tercet other beakers and heat the beakers to 300, 40and 50C respectively. Add ? spoonful curd to each of these beakers. Leave the beakers serene for 8 hours and curd is formed.5) Similarly, take 50 ml of cow milk in three beakers and heat the beakers to 30, 40 and 50C respectively. Add ? spoonful curd to each of these beakers. Leave the beakers undisturbed for 8 hours and curd is formed. 6) Take 20 ml of cow milk and soya bean milk in two crumble test tube and test OBSERVATION TYPE OF MILK BEAKER NO TEMPERATURE. C TIME taken TO FORM CURD(HRS) TASTE OF CURD(AFTER 8 HRS) COWS MILK 1 30 6. 5 invigorated 2 40 5 SOUR 3 50 4 SOU R SOY MILK 4 30 8. 5 NOT FORMED 5 40 7 SWEET 6 50 6 SWEET TYPE OF MILK BEAKER NO TEMPERATURE.C pH COWS MILK 1 30 6 2 40 6 3 50 6 SOY MILK 4 30 7 5 40 7 6 50 7 RESULT 1. For cow milk, the best temperature for the organic law of good quality and tasty curd is 40C and for soyabean milk, it is 50C. 2. For cow milk, the pH of good quality and tasty curd is 5 and for soyabean milk, it is 6. INFERENCE Thus the formation of good quality soy yogurt the time taken was 7 hours for a sample at 50C and at a pH value around 6. whereas, for the formation of good quality curd the time was 5 hours for a sample at 40C and at a pH value around 5.Thus a good yield of curd can be obtained with soy milk. And still soy yogurt helps in controlling type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure. The enzymes in the soy yogurt also help in regulating blood sugar levels. Thus soy milk is a suitable replacement of cow milk to meet the demands of the ever increasing population. INDEX why I chose this project? 1 Soya bean milk 1 Soy yogurt 4 Nutrition and Health Information 7 Chemistry involved 9 Requirements 10 Procedure 11 Observations 12 Result 13 Inference 13 Bibliography 10 BY Vishal Kamalakannan.

America Needs Its Nerds Essay Example for Free

America Needs Its Nerds EssayThe socially and physically inept, the outcasts, often associated with computers and books- these characteristics constitute the stereotype of the average geek. Students be afraid to reveal their identities in an environment among their peers because of the forethought of being an outcast among the idolized jocks. In an excerpt from America Needs Its Nerds Harvard student and writer Leonid Fridman expresses his drive for the unjust treatment of individuals who atomic number 18 essential to our country- the geeks. He addresses the American commonplace with a call to fill to put geeks into their deserved positions, giving them hope and motivation to express their own identities. Fridman utilizes irony when discussing how even Harvard students are being picked on, as well as the compare and contrast between Americas discouraging treatment of the pulverization to East Asia and Chinas praising of them, to represent how the fear of social rejection h as forced these mistreated intellects to hide their academic capabilities.Leonid Fridmen is confusion with the fact that even at Harvard, one of the top Ivy League colleges, students are still picked on because of their levels of intellect. It is ironic that even at one of the top colleges in America where nerds and geeks dominate the realm of the direct that anti-intellectualism is rampant. Social standing competes with intelligence even at the most academic institution, showing America that students are ashamed of their intellect because of the negative stereotypes society degraded them with. Fridman also employs irony when referring to getting wasted at parties by describing how nerds avoid damaging their brain and bodies, but are punished socially for notphysically infliction themselves.Fridmans call to action addresses the American public as being erroneous in their actions of idolizing the nonintellectual piece of music demeaning the studious intellectuals when he compares Americas academic values to those of East Asias. In America, athletes and celebrities are rewarded and more commonplace in society then those provoke in pursuing academics. With these characteristics of our society, it is impossible to compete in the engineering science rate or be a leading political and cultural force with other countries who gain ground academics rather than reject the individuals who excel in it.Fridmans belief of demeaning the intellectual is a continual range of a function in our society today. In 2003, Arnold Schwarzenegger was elected to be the Governor of California however, it was primarily for his name intuition as a body builder and film star, lacking any experience working in government. Although Schwarzenegger lacked the intellectual knowledge he needed, he was elected because the public idolized him. The public is more interested in the media and gymnastics and neglect to realize the important impact researchers and intellects have on our world .Colleges pay college athletic coaches more than the professors working at an institution. Americans pay more on professional sports then they do to store cancer research or education. As USA Today wrote, You can get a Nobel take to be at your university and you wont get anywhere near that attention. And so I think between the public and the media, they are telling us what they value. The public is involved, and often times addicted, to athletes or social media and reject the academically motivated as outcasts from the ideal society. Unfortunately, this public is unaware of the capabilities of academic achievement and the progress it has brought us in our world.

Effects of Agriculture Essay Example for Free

Effects of Agriculture EssayBe arrange it was hugely essential for survival, had a monu mental impact immediately on society and continues to affect us steady to this day, agriculture was the some influential development of the early civilizations. The people of the first civilizations needed agriculture because it was an easy, to a greater extent efficient way of obtaining intellectual nourishment. The early peoples had to hunt and gather their food, and, Hunting depended on the careful observation of behavioral patterns (Duiker, W. J. Spielvogel, J. J. 2001). It must have been challenging to always be moving and searching, just so they could find food that day. However, deciding to stop and grow food, in one reachable convenient location, would have solved the essence of having to go through all the extra steps of hunting down animals. After a yen time of humans living successfully in the Old Stone Age, and ice age occurred cause a devastating drought, which killed off most of the vegetation. All living things started clustering around sources such as lakes and river (Howe, H. , Howe, R. T. 1992). Because all living things clustered around water sources, there was more than competition, human and non-human alike, for the already skeletal food supply.Naturally, the people of the early civilizations would need to grow their own food in order to scram their population. Shortly after farmings conception many life-changing discoveries, like trade, were make. Some people became artisan, made weapons, and jewelry that were traded with neighbors (Duiker, W. J. Spielvogel, J. J. 2001). When people started to farm they began producing more food then they need. These food surpluses allowed people to do otherwise things with their time such as, make weapons and jewelry that could in turn be traded for other peoples goods.The change to farming also immediately affected the relationships mingled with men and women. Men assumed the prime responsibility f or dressing in the fields and herding animals, jobs that kept them away from the pedestal. Women remained behind caring for the children and weaving cloth, making cheese from milk, and jobs that required considerable labor in one place (Duiker, W. J. Spielvogel, J. J. 2001). The men had to go work in the fields because planting, growing and harvesting crops required long hours of great physical labor that the women couldnt take.Also the work in the fields was seen as more important, and so men assumed a more dominant role in society. Not scarcely did agriculture immediately change society, exactly the changes it created are notwithstanding evident today. Trade is done in the almost aforesaid(prenominal) way and for the same reasons as in ancient times. People still make goods and perform services in substitute for something else. However, rather than exchanging work for another good or service, people today use the cash system. In the cash system people provide labor so they get bullion in return.The money they earn can then be used to by various products or services. The relationship between men and women established because of agriculture is prevalent today as well. Not only do men still have a more dominant role in society but they still do more difficult and important work. The standard of men working while the women stay home and care for the house is still typical for families today. If the women do work though, they almost never have physically demanding jobs with long, hard hours like being a construction worker or farmer.Also not only are the vast majority of politicians, C. E. O. s, business owners, and other powerful workers men, but men also more often than not get paid higher than women. Truly, because of the fact the early people needed a more steady food source, it almost instantaneously changed humankind, and it evidently still affects the world today, agriculture was the most significant advancement of the early peoples. Bibliography Duiker, W. J. Spielvogel, J. J. , (2001) Third Edition World History Comprehensive Volume. assBelmont, CA Thomson Learning, Inc. Howe, H. , Howe, R. T. , (1992) A World History. White Plains, NY Longman

An Analysis of the Watergate Crisis Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of the Watergate Crisis EssayThe Watergate crisis or shite shrouded America with an attitude of pessimism. From the people mixed and the meaning of the controversy then(prenominal) and now, the Watergate crisis rocked the world with policy-making conflicts and power abuse. It also snarled crimes such as obstruction of justice, conspiracy, cover up, lying under oath, espionage, burglary, and concealment of evidence. The scandal was named after the Watergate hotel complex in capital of the United States that housed the rival of prexy Nixons Republican touch offy, the popular get goingy. The crisis was so powerful that it resulted in the long-suffering of electric chair Nixon, bill of indictment of the President and his men, and significant media and political effect. The scandal offshooted out with classified documents, clumsy thefts, and a trail of crimes pointing direct to Nixons re-election committee. Thereafter, the crisis did non stop at the tactless White House personnel or the famous Presidents men. It proceed all the way to Nixon himself which caused him his Oval Office. It was perceived as a political crisis created by a leaders greed, cruelty and paranoia.Ultimately, hi story noticeed that Nixons own evil foe was not his political opp whiznts provided himself. It was chronicled by several(prenominal) books, articles, and official and federal documents, as well as a Redford-Hoff slice movie in 1976. The Watergate scandal attend tod not only as previous catalysts of American political, social and moral changes but now more as reminders or guiding principles of American lives. Historical Summary In the history of American presidential governance, the Watergate misadventure was taken as the most grave and peculiar crisis or scandal.This is because of the apparent direct elaborateness in several crimes of the president himself and his men. In his book, The Watergate Crisis, Genovese (1999) described the scandal as anoma lous and Nixon as an unusual kind of President of the United States (Genovese, 1999). According to Genovese (1999), the cause of the Watergate scandal can be traced from the blackball impacts, such as the factions, of the Vietnam War. Nixon had difficulty getting out from the said divisive war and was finally confront with assorted protests.Genovese (1999) added that with force per unit areaures to stop the protests and get out of the Vietnam war with respect and dignity intact, Nixon unfortunately created a route filled with leak plugging, wiretapping, a clandestine war in Cambodia, and a series of venomous acts that in the end led to his downfall and fed the already significant erosion of public deposit in government (p. 3). The very(prenominal) Genovese book advertize said that what used to be a general term that referred to the burglary of the major powers of the Democratic National Committee in a capital letter hotel complex resulted into various linking terminologi es and included beneath it are several crimes.The crisis caused the downfall of Nixon while several highest-ranking government officials were do to serve jail terms, hurting the nation as a result (Genovese, 1999). The Watergate Break-in The Watergate break-in or burglary happened on June 17, 1972 (Sirica, 1979). During his round, a security officer of the Watergate Hotel Complex in cap D. C. identified as Frank Willis sawing machine a tape covering various locks of different doors in the area. Willis discreetly reported the matter to the police force and thereafter, five burglars were arrested.The five men were suspected of illegitimately wiretapping and stealing classified documents inside the office of the Democratic National Committee or DNC (Sirica, 1979). The suspects were identified in the book of Dickinson, Cross and Polsky (1973) as Virgilio Gonzales, Bernard Barker, James W. McCord, jr. , Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis. The suspects, later uncovered as former CI A and FBI agents, were charged with act burglary and attempted interception of telephone and opposite communications (Dickinson, Cross Polsky, 1973). Five men and two other suspects, identified as E. Howard Hunt, Jr.and Gordon Liddy, were charge by a grand jury of conspiracy, burglary and violation of federal wiretapping laws on September 15, 1972. It was also detect after investigation that the suspects goal was to plant a bug in the office of DNC Chairman, Larry OBrien (Lewis, 1972). A multi-investigation conducted by the U. S. copulation, FBI and media revealed that the direct or indirect connection of the seven suspects to Nixons Re-election committee. Nixon initially said that his aides were not involved in the case. The cover-up was later disclosed and exposed irregularities and illegal activities of the Nixon Re-election committee.The results of the investigation concluded that the re-election committee authorized covert campaign funds from big companies, played dirty tricks on Democratic candidates during the 1972 election campaign, attempted to use the FBI and other government agencies against political enemies, and set up a secret group to view as out unlawful activities against political enemies (cited in Scholastic, 1989). In view of this, America and the world were then convert of a conspiracy linking the President and his men. The suspects who broke into OBriens office and the Presidents men involved were tried and eventual(prenominal)ly convicted in 1973.The following year, the bungled break-in eventually caused Nixon his position as he resigned as the President of the United States on August 9, 1974 (Scholastic, 1989). The upper-case letter Post Investigation The Watergate scandal was publicized by The Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein through a confidential but reliable source whom they named Deep Throat. An initial headline of Five Held in Plot to Bug Democratic Offices Here, that appeared at the bottom of t he newspapers page one on Sunday, June 18, 1972, signaled the Washington Posts investigation.The two young reporters wrote the arrest of a group of former FBI and CIA agents who broke into, illegally wiretapped and stole classified documents from the offices of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate office complex in Washington (The Watergate novel Part 1, 2008). Bernstein and Woodward were intrigued with the details of the story and the turn of events. Citing police sources, Woodward wrote that the burglars came from Miami, wore surgical gloves and carried thousands of dollars in cash (The Watergate Story Part 1, 2008).The break-in appeared to be a professional type operation, added Woodward (The Watergate Story Part 1, 2008). As told by the Washington post and its reporters, the intriguing yet interesting developments of the story shook Washington for two years, resulted into the resignation of Nixon and eventually created political impacts (The Watergate Story Part 1 , 2008). According to an online compilation of the Watergate events posted at the Washington Posts site, Woodward and Bernstein became fork of the various revelatory articles that the said newspaper published.Thereafter, the succeeding Washington Post reportage of the Watergate scandal further exposed the involvement of several of the Presidents men and the ultimate link of Nixon and his campaign funds to the various crimes. The newspapers account of the scandal also ran the grand jury investigation that identified and indicted All the Presidents Men for their respective involvement in the crimes (The Watergate Story Part 1, 2008). A significant mark of the Washington Post and Bernstein reporting of the Watergate scandal was Deep Throat. A confidential source by Woodward, Deep Throat was identified only in 2005 or 33 years later as Mark Felt. He was the second highest-ranking FBI official who at the height of the scandal, confirmed or denied information to the two reporters and gui ded them to pursue specific leads (The Watergate Story Part 1, 2008). A string of exclusives by Woodward and Bernstein and the determination of Post publisher Katherine Graham to expose the truth made the FBI finally penetrated the White House denials and the conduct of the grand jury investigation.This momentum led to the loss of job, pursuance and conviction of the involved officials of the Nixon administration and ultimately the impeachment against the President and his eventual resignation on August 8, 1974. Nixons successor, President Ford, granted the former full, free and absolute pardon one month later (The Watergate Story Part 3, 2008). The Government Investigation The Watergate probe called for the courts, the Congress, and a superfluous prosecutor to investigate its top-to-bottom connections to the White House.According to the same Washington Post online source, the investigation involved Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox, North Carolina Senator Sam Ervin and the FBI. Wo odward and Bernstein stories reported the eventual breaking out of Nixons men from his administration and the disclosure of events that were linked to the scandal. One example was the revelation of secret tapes that further exposed Nixons involvement. The deep connection of Nixon resulted into a firestorm of firings called the Saturday Night Massacre. Amid impeachment against the President, he still denied accusations and stayed in his office (The Watergate Story Part 2, 2008). The Watergate Scandal and Nixon In his book, Genovese (1999) noted that Nixon was a complex, multidimensional figure, a man of m each contradictions. (p. 57). Genovese (1999) said that these characteristics of Nixon and the Watergate crisis were manifestations of a period of presidential lawlessness unprecedented in American history (p. 57). Nixon was an example of a president who initially took an oath to faithfully execute the law but eventually went beyond and broke it (Genovese, 1999, p.69). As a result, the Watergate scandal created several questions about the American authorship and democracy (Genovese, 1999). Nixons initial show of defense rooted from the solid support of his men eventually silly down and led to his televised resignation. During his televised speech, Nixon states, by taking this action, I hope that I will have hastened the start of the process of healing which is so desperately needed in America. I deeply regret any injuries that may have been done in the course of the events that led to this decision.Those who hate you dont win unless you hate them, and then you destroy yourself (The Watergate Story Part 3, 2008). Ford was sworn into office the next day but pardoned Nixon a month after. The events did not stop there as the influence of the scandal continued. The interconnecting controversies ignited a angelical and lasting doubt about American politics. It created new American political words and made the Congress approve laws concerning campaign finance ref orms as well as investigation on the functions of CIA and several agencies of the government.Woodward and Bernsteins coverage was turned into a book and a hit movie entitled All the Presidents Men which instilled American media with a fresh harmful advantage. The scandal brought lasting and immeasurable effects on American politics (The Watergate Story Part 3, 2008). American Politics and Media Genovese (1999) affirmed the impression of Washington Post mentioned previously and stated that the Watergate scandal changed American politics and the issue of presidential corruption (Genovese, 1999).He added that, because of the crisis, the media became more interfering and subjective, the public became more distrustful and indifferent about its government, the relation between the executive and legislative branches of the government became unpleasant and factious and partisan conflicts became more intense (Genovese, 1999). Conclusion The Watergate crisis left profound and detrimental eff ects on American politics and history in general. It has resulted into distrust among the government officials and a wider gap between the branches of the government.Another effect of the scandal was that it made the succeeding Presidents more susceptible to the criticisms and suggestions of the public. The Nixon presidency has left a mark on the American politics which harmed the present list of presidents. The scandal has undeniably affected the political agenda of the succeeding presidents who were subjected to the scrutiny of the public. Nonetheless, the scandal also has its positive points to remember. These included the upholding of the freedom and power of the press as well as the effectivity of the justice system.By themselves, Nixon and the Watergate Crisis did not cause the degradation of American politics and decline of trust to the government. Incontestably, however, the fallen President and his scandal did remold the publics view of the American story from one of presum ed good goals to one of outstanding hostility.ReferencesDickinson, W. B. Mercer Cross, B. P. (1973). Watergate Chronology of a crisis. Washington D. C Congressional Quarterly, Inc. Genovese, M. A. (1999). The Watergate Crisis.London Greenwood Press. Lewis, A. E. (1972, June 18). 5 held in plot to bug Democrats office here. The Washington Post, A01. Retrieved from http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2002/05/31/AR2005111001227_pf. html Scholastic, Inc. (1989). The Case of Watergate. The Presidency, Congress, and the arrogant Court. Retrieved April 19, 2008, from Scholastic database. Sirica, J. J. (1979). To set the record straight The Break-in, the tapes, the conspirators, the pardon. New York Norton.The Watergate Story Part 1. (2008). The Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2008, from http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part1. html The Watergate Story Part 2. (2008). The Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2008, from http//www. washing tonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part2. html The Watergate Story Part 3. (2008). The Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2008, from http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part3. html

Human Cloning and the Future Essay Example for Free

kindity re-create and the Future EssayIn his work from 2002 Religion and mankind Cloning An Exploratory Analysis of the First Available Opinion Data, John Evans proudly states a few possible benefits, or advantages, of adult male therapeutic cloning. eon talking about embryonic shank cells, he states these cells can eventually be affair to treat diseases such as Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and kidney failure, to name just now a few(748). These possibilities have mostly been confirmed since the publishing of Evans piece and other more marvellous possibilities have come about. The benefits of both generative and therapeutic cloning are arrestless, yet m whatsoever exempt disagree. They say that cloning is dangerous and that it would end gentle evolution and bring disaster to inn as we know it (Mautner, 68). Do most people really think this is true? Or is modern society simply scared of the unkn cause and not ready for dislodge? Many scientists and authors constantly deb ate the morality and possibilities of clement cloning, both for reproductive use and therapeutic use.A couple of possible risks would accompany the ancestor of human cloning, however the benefits are legitimate, and we as a species should reconsider. It is common knowledge that mother and father venerate one another. And its the classic ideal for a family to begin, in the act of spousal love through with(predicate) sexual reproduction. Alix Magney, in his work Cloning Me, Cloning You Reflections on the Ethics of Cloning for Individuals, Families and Society, argues that since human cloning would cause childbearing to lose its proper origins as an act of spousal love, it plainly poses a threat to the dignity and equality of women (25).I dont think this is true at all, as adopting a child has been practiced for thousands of years and in vitro fertilization was invented in 1978. In vitro fertilization is where an globe is fertilized by sperm outside the female body and then inser ted into the uterus for maturation only at a time the egg is fertilized. Sperm donors have been used for decades, completely negating any spousal love from the equation that is reproduction. While people continue to fight everyplace equality for women, which has been true since the ratification of the NineteenthAmendment to the Constitution in 1920, other people continue to debate greater concerns about cloning. I have always perceive it said Youre special, or Just be yourself, and these are sayings of encouragement to develop your own identity, not to follow others when unnecessary, and to accept that everyone is different. Giovanni Berlucchi, in his work The Myth of the Clonable gentle Brain, states that most human values are corollaries of the concept that each person is unique and identical to himself or herself through blank and time. (160) and that this kind of genetic manipulation may interfere with psychological and biological diversity, and therefore with the distinct iveness and liberty of the individual (160). I do think that the overuse of a single genetic identity for reproductive cloning would cause a disruption in the common value of individuality, but only in that physical aspect of things. The benefits of reproductive cloning and the possibilities of advancing the individual through therapeutic cloning could greatly outweigh any disruptions.Berlucchi continues, Nature has, of course, been producing genetically identical humans from time immemorial in paltry pairs of monozygotic twins, and even less frequently in batches of monozygotic triplets (160). Prenatal uterine environment differences, on with other environmental differences post-conception, can significantly affect the psychological outcome of the child and is a briny reason for psychological differences between monozygotic twins. The concept of environmental determinism dispels the myth that cloning humans would crush out the core value of individuality.The controversy over ab ortion is one of the biggest issues for politicians and the rest of society alike. The debate over whether or not an embryo is to be considered a human beingness with rights is a hot publication among the public and continues to be an important argument for almost everyone. In his aforementioned piece Religion and clement Cloning, John Evans says that the Roman Catholic Church has the most clear-cut position against cloning, simply ground on the status they give to a human embryo.They believe embryos are equivalent to fully boastful humans Embryos are to be treated the same as born persons and therefore cannot be used as means toward an end. Most obviously, they cannot be destroyed to benefit others (748). The church also opposes cloning because it severs human reproduction from sexuality (748). If a couple is attempting to have a kid with each other, by any means, they are more than likely sexually active with one another, and therefore cloning doesnt accept the sexuality fro m the overall situation, even if it is not directly involved with the contraception.Also, sore technology has been developed since the composition of this article, and it is now possible to extract straw cells from embryos without destroying the embryo. You can take a single stem cell, or blastomere, and coax it to become an endlessly proliferating stem cell. Although these cells cant form embryos, they can form major types of human tissue just as any embryonic stem cells do. So, therapeutic cloning is possible without the closing of embryos. Other people fear the end of what Charles Darwin so valiantly discovered and explained to us all over 150 years ago human evolution.Michael Mautner, in his piece Will Cloning End Human Evolution? , argues that a result of human cloning would be the end of human evolution. He states Cloning will, in contrast, reproduce the same genetic makeup of an existing individual. There is no room for new(a) traits to arise The result Human evolution is halted (68). Only an insane situation where cloning was the only order for reproduction and the same genetic makeup was used over and over again would lead to the end of human evolution. This is an extreme situation and would almost definitely never happen.New science behind non-embryonic stem cell research has conveyn incredible potential for stem cells in general, as embryonic stem cells show significantly more potential than stem cells extracted from other parts of the human body, like the yellow jampack marrow. Stem cells are beginning to be used to regrow hair, teeth and cartilage in damaged joints. Since the procedures and research are incredibly expensive, treatment is limited to those wealthy enough. Professional North-American athletes have led the way, being human guinea pigs for the non-invasive procedures in hopes of returning their bodies to their prime, pre-injury, form.Stem cell treatments are growing in popularity and legitimacy, and the use of embryonic stem cells shouldnt be limited as it can only advance our species. scientific tests and studies have proven limitless benefits to stem cell transplants, yet ethical concerns and moral-based laws are constraining what could be groundbreaking and life-saving science. There is possible potential for embryonic stem cells to be grown into whole, functional, organs or entire limbs of the human body.The uses could range from a ounded amputee war veteran in need of a new leg, or an elderly woman in need of a new kidney as hers is failing, and the possibilities are endless. Human fear of the unknown is instinctual, but as the realm of the previously impossible comes more into the lights of reality, we need to change our minds on the practicality and usefulness of cloning and embryonic stem cells. For our ailing parents, for our children, and our childrens children, we need to advance as a society, and take hold of the opportunities and benefits sitting right in front of us.

Morality and Obligation Essay Example for Free

Morality and Obligation Essay1. Two advance steps taken, that may be necessary, before one can intui? vely appreciate the rightness of an ac? on are thinking fully about the consequences of an ac? on. In other words, think before you influence. too give thought (considera? on) to the persons involved in said ac? on or your rela? on(ship) with the persons involved. 2. An ac? on is considered morally good in addi? on to being right when it is the right thing to do, while also stemming from a good place. When the person or agent performs said do work because it is right, from a feeling of obliga?on, a morally good act is also right. 3. According to Prichard, an ac? on through from a whizz of obliga? on, there is no purpose consis? ng either in the ac? on itself or in anything which it will produce. A mo? ve, being something that moves one to act, can be the sense of obliga? on, an ac? on done from a sense of obliga? on can indeed have a mo? ve. 4. Avirtuous act is done from a desire that is intrinsically good. A moral act may be done from obliga? on.There cant be an obliga? on to act virtuously, because we can only when feel an obliga? on to act or do something. We cannot, however, feel an obliga? on to act from a certain desire 5. It is a err to expect moral philosophy to prove through argumenta? on that we ought to ful+ll our obliga? ons, because moral rightness cannot be demonstrated, only apprehended directly by an act of moral thinking. The sense of obliga? on is a result of a moral thought or thoughts. Moral philosophy can provide re-ec? on on the immediateness of our knowledge of moral rightness and the intui? ve recogni? on of the goodness of the virtues.

Racial Profiling within America’s Criminal Justice System Essay Example for Free

racial Profiling within Americas Criminal Justice System EssayThe criminal judge ashes of America is deeply scarred with racial bias. Crimes be beingness committed and, in turn, be resulting with innocent raft doing hard-time. Thankfully, newfound methods of appealing court rulings are finding justice for these minorities however, the results are as shocking as the crimes being committed. When it was found that the majority of successful appeals were of minorities, the true defects of the system was apparent. The minority society is being critically judged for things theyre not doing. Throughout the resist decade lawmakers subscribe be aiding the racial pen scene. Arizona legislature passed a law allowing for an officer to demand papers of any person that proved their legal citizenship. The law, intending to lower the illegal immigrants in Arizona, became a symbol for racial profiling within our government. President Obama strongly opposed the passing of the law sayin g that it threatened to undermine basic notions of justness that we cherish as Americans, as well as the trust between police and our communities that is so decisive to keeping us safe (Archibold).It is a very rare occasion where the President speaks out around state legislature, proving the enormity of the law and its regards to human rights in America. The law, dubbed the Show Me Your Papers law, has Arizona residents furious. Faulting someone of being illegal, purely based on their appearance is a very subjective issue. Someone with a last name of Garcia or Rodriquez is much much likely to be suspected of being in the realm illegally rather than someone with the last name of Smith. Because Smith has a very typically American last name, he, most likely, wouldnt be asked to prove citizenship. This is a perfect example of the kind of profiling that Arizonians are concerned about.Not only have lawmakers been creating laws supporting racial profiling, but laws such as the brist le your understanding law in Florida are allowing for racial profiling to occur under a pseudonym. The Stand your Ground law allows for someone to use deadly force, if needed, in order to protect themselves from injures way. The recent slayings of teenagers Trayvon Martin and Jordan Davis, two African American teenagers, have so far been defended under the law, obstetrical delivery uproar to the stateespecially among the black community. Even worse, its considered legal. Families and friends of these children defend them as being upstanding citizens killed due to their race. Although Martin and Davis have not been the only people murdered under the law, they are the ones bring publicity to it. Due to the media attention, the form _or_ system of governments effect on different racial groups is finally being questioned.John Roman, a ranking(prenominal) fellow at the Urban Institutes Justice Policy Center, conducted a champaign intending to handbill the racial bias within the po licy. Roman focused his study on killings that were considered justified within the look of the court the murder of people that just committed a felony. Roman found that the killings of black people by whites were more likely to be considered justified than the killings of white people by blacks. In non-Stand Your Ground states, whites are 250 percent more likely to be found justified in killing a black person than a white person who kills another white person in Stand Your Ground states, that number jumps to 354 percent. (Childress). Romans findings show that even laws that werent aimed to become a racial issue are. The issue, however, is that its not being stopped despite the blatantly obvious ramifications.Some tycoon argue that people of color are being convicted for more crimes than other races because theyre the ones committing more crimes. A valid point, however, with the recent advancement of these races throughout society, it would be thought that these numbers would be h eading in opposite directions. In reality, minorities are being served harsher consequences than their white counterparts despite their equal standing in society. scratch State University (MSU) conducted a study revealing that there was often racial bias when selecting a dialog boxespecially those involving minority parties. The study conducted by MSU examined jury selection as well as the decisions do by said juries. The MSU study of capital charging and sentencing found that those who kill whites are more likely to position the death penalty than those who kill blacks. The MSU study found that a defendant is 2.6 times more likely to get the death penalty if the victim is white. (ACLU).Following the study, nitrogen Carolina passed a law entitled the racial Justice Act. This piece of legislature made it possible for inmates to appeal their sentences due to supposed racial profiling. Since the passing of the law last year, there have been 4 successful appeals. The law doesnt gu aranty that the whole sentence will be reversed however, it puts in place a system that allows for flaws in the length/severity of the sentence to be readdressed. The passing of the law as well as the MSU study prove that although there are more minorities being charged for crimes, the charges are of ill-willed intentions. In addition to undeserved charges, DNA interrogation has well-defined hundreds of people for crimes in which they were convicted over the past few years. When DNA testing became readily available to the criminal justice system, crucial flaws began to surface.It was realized that people were serving hard-time for felony crimes they didnt commit. University of Virginia fair play professor, Brandon Garrett, studied the first cc people exonerated through said DNA testing. He compared the demographics of the exonerees terminal that Of the innocent group, all male save one71 percent were minorities. The vast majority of exonerated shock convicts (73 percent) were b lack or Hispanic, while studies show only about 37 percent of rape convicts are minorities. (Wood). These hundreds of people are provide valid evidence supporting that, although people of color are being convicted of more crimes, they are also being cleared of said crimes.racial ethnicity plays a large factor when it comes to being convicted of a crime. Oftentimes, a person of color is automatically assumed to be more likely of committing a crime than a Caucasian person. People of minority races are being targeted as criminals purely based on their looks rather than their guilt. Laws have been passed both for and against said issue, providing for a government that is facilitating racism. Racial profiling isnt an act that would be thought of as happening in the 21st century, chase the Civil Rights movement of the mid 1900s. Despite the advancements in society, Americas criminal justice system hasnt quite advanced so far.Works CitedArchibold, Randal. Arizona Enacts Stringent Law on immigrationNYtimes.com April 23, 2012. Web. New York TimesJanuary 30, 2013.Childress, Sarah. Is There Racial Bias in Stand your Ground Law?PBS.org, July 31, 2012. Web. UNC-TVJanuary 30, 2013ACLU. North Carolina Racial Justice ActACLU.org, December 17, 2012. Web. American Civil Liberties UnionJanuary 30, 2013Wood, Mary. Study of First 200 DNA Exonerations Shows Flawed Criminal System law.virginia.edu, July 23, 2007.Web. University of VirginiaFebruary 2, 2013

The History Of Reflection Theory

The History Of Reflection TheoryIn scientific terms manifestation is count onn as light, heat or sound striking a coat to give off a manifestation. Reflection is withal seen as philosophical understanding of how one merchant ship gain shopliftership by means of experience and use different approaches to the same scenario (Johns and fresh water 2009 and Chambers et al 2012).The novel idea of chiding rose from a theorist John Dewey (1859-1952) his proposed view on materialization is described as persistent, active opinion and taking into consideration the upholding march that forms intimacy to the apt(p) circumstance. This theorist suggests that the person uses their mind and emotions to accelerate thoughtfulness (Bulman and Schutz 2008). This suggests that Dewey describes meditative individuals has being open-minded, responsible and wholehearted (Vachon and Leblanc 2011).Deweys intuition of animadversion was a platform for many authors to elaborate on in terms of understanding reflective practice. Johns and fresh water (2005) propose that health professionals should find the meaning of reflection with description rather than explanation because to define reflection is to suggest the author has authority over its meaning. This in turn either(a)ows reflections positions and frame tames to be use intuitively giving a more holistic approach, it can be subjective and purpose operate (Johns and Freshwater 2005).Mann et al (2007) describes Schons (1983) view that reflection can happen in two ways reflecting upon activities whilst they atomic number 18 happening called reflection in trans live up to (present reflection) and reflecting upon activities once they have happened (reflecting on the past). Rolfe et al assert that reflection is the engine that facilitates superficial education into finding a deeper understanding that enables the practician to transform what is managen to knowledge in action.Reflection Model and theoretical accou ntsThe reflection framework developed by Schon and Argyris (1992) involves three elements (1) knowing-in-action (2) reflection-in-action and (3) reflection-on-practice (Ghaye and Lillyman 2010). Ghaye and Lillyman (2010) have extrapolated Schons work to include knowing-in-action they propose that practitioners customise and tailor their own knowledge or theories to the short letter presented. Knowing in action is described further by Carper (1978) who identifies five approaches to knowing in action empirical, personal, honest and aesthetic knowing ( Newton and McKenna 2009).Reflection-in-action by Schon and Argyris (1992) has been adapted from Schon (1983) it is to do with reflecting in the moment with stunned disturbing c ar. It involves thinking on your feet Ghaye and Lillyman (2010) propose that whilst this may be a complex process it is by far the just ab come forth effective when clarifying that needs of patients are being met. It is the way in which practitioners compose t hemselves to handle and fragmentise difficult situations when being faced with them (Schon 1992). This could entail thinking of what needs to be said to patients whilst talking to them al furbish up. Gustafsson and Fagerberg (2004) tell apart that Schon (1983) believes reflection-in-action allows nurses to display a combined range of skills abstract knowledge and clinical experience. This compositors case of reflection is difficult to master as is scrap our knowing-in-action and is used by professional practitioners that have acquired technical skills over a number of years Rolfe et al (2011) and Ghaye and Lillyman (2010). Mann et al (2007) suppose that professional practitioners are able to reflect-in-action because they have the knowledge to do interpretive orientation monitoring, assessing and changing patient care on a continual basis. Mann et al (2007) alike state that pupil nurses are limited to reflection in action because their experiences are non authentic and th e purpose is supervised throughout thus students actions are questioned and changed if necessary to suit patient care. This is wherefore small reflection is important discipline tool for students and can be facilitated by mentors, clinical supervisors.Schon (1992) reflection-on-action is reflecting support on subjects taken place. The reflector can examine and dissect the events step by step both within self, discussion with an opposite practitioner or within groups (Ghaye and Lillyman 2010). Greenwood (1998) take on reflection on action as cognitive post-mortem this is where the practitioner goes back to review actions that were made during the events. Greenwood (1998) argues that reflection before action is not deemed important for this type of reflection and to be unable to reflect before action is considered wrong as patient care and outcomes become bringd by these factors.It is already known that Dewey was the primary advocate of learning by reflection, Rolfe et al ( 2011) summarise Deweys (1938) impersonate of reflective learning as experiencing through observing and reflecting on current or past events which leads to gaining unsanded or enhancing knowledge. In modern healthcare however Gibbs (1988) model of reflection see appendix 1 is widely used which is an adaptation of Deweys (1938) original model. Gibbs (1988) model asks the practitioner to paint a picture of the event describe what happened and attach emotions and thoughts to the event. Gibbs then prompts the practitioner to weight what was keen or bad most the experience. The third aspect of the model is technical this part asks the practitioner to analyse the situation in the hope to uncover either new-fangled findings or confirm the current situation. The 4th aspect is about understanding and finding out what else could the practitioner have done to change the forward outcome of the situation being started and lastly the practitioner is prompted to write an action plan in mov ement the same or similar scenario can take it our (McKinnon 2004). Although Gibbs model appears cyclical it is not clear as to how the action plan which concludes the reflection process is linked back to description (Rolfe et al 2011). Gibbs model of reflection give the practitioner simple and general cue questions which allows the practitioner room to expand their thoughts on also it the most widely used reflection model for student nurses (Bulman and Schutz 2009) in contrast Rolfe et al 2011 state that Gibbs model has a generic and unspecific feel whence some reflective practitioners find Gibbs model to vague.Holms and Stephenson (1994 see also Rolfe et al 2011) see appendix 2 shared similar assertions to Gibbs model and thusly they proposed another reflection framework consisting of bettor designed cue questions. Stephenson framework is aimed towards more on action rather than theorising outcomes. Rolfe et al (2011) suggest that Stephenson and Holms framework mirrors Deweys in itial interpretation of learning by thinking. However incomplete Gibbs model or Stephenson framework encompass a clear guideline to how knowledge can be linked to practice apart from asking the practitioners to think about what they would if they encountered a similar situation again.The framework set out by Johns (2004) is an adaptation of many frameworks and models by many authors (Johns and Freshwater 2005). John and Freshwater (2005) encompassed not only the different aspects of reflection such in-action and on-action merely also reminiscent practice. Benner et al (1996) explains that mindful practice is seen as clinical judgement which is practitioners possessing the ability to see what is happening as it happening in a clinical environment that allows the practitioner to engage ethically with the situation. Johns (1995) framework also included reflexiveness which asks the practitioner to revisit the situation and asks interpersonal questions that allow the practitioner to link previous experiences to the current situation. Johns and Freshwater (2005) see appendix 3 have managed to articulate a model of reflection which is structured and taciturn this model also impacts clinical supervision and can be used for mentoring purposes.Taylor (2006) see appendix 4 illustrates its model of reflection by using the words REFLECT as mnemonic device where apiece letter is represents a process of how reflection can take place. Tacit knowledge is displayed in this type of reflection, it is knowledge that practitioners are unaware of possessing and only comes to light when reflecting about the decisions they have made either during or afterward(prenominal) the event Schon (1987). There is a sense of liberation attached to Taylors reflection as it also caused the practitioner to be accepting of news ideas and not to be confined to constraints Taylor (2006) uses a critical friend to encourage reflection. Taylor (2006) understands that changes in awareness is a su re possibility because new insights can arise through reflection this occurs by linking emotions and feelings furthermore it requests the practitioner to ask themselves what have they learnt from their experience. Taylor model of reflection is laid out in manner that demands structured critical reflection and requires a facilitator or critical friend to see the process through this could be a disadvantage because it can be a demanding procedure, not genuinely empowering to challenge top ranking staff and a facilitator may not be available (Rolfe et al 2011).Kolb (1984) see appendix 5 see also Rolfe et al (2011) model of reflection is directed towards data-based learning, Kolb model is set out such that it asks the practitioner to look beyond describing and observing past events but also to theorise on the reflective events to determine if new approaches can be leaveressed or implemented. Kolbs classic model of experimental learning consists of four components experience, observati on/reflection, generalization and conceptualisation and active experiment (Stonehouse 2011). When compared to Gibbs model this model is truly cyclical and reflexive because Kolb sets out to generate a hypothesis to mental test the clinical setting hence the practitioner is allowed to renew reflecting on the newly modified experience (Rolfe et al 2011).Reflective PracticeReflective practice is seen has using reflective techniques to improve, maintain changes in clinical procedures and influence guidelines to encourage greater safety of patients in all areas of health formations (Bulman and Schutz 2008). Duffy (2007) states reflective practice must understandably be expressd by the practitioner for personal and professional development in nursing and other allied health professions.Price (2004) states that nursing practices can be transformed by facilitating insight and discernment by practitioners, Price (2004) also understands that workforces may also be doubtful of the wisdom b ehind changes to specific strategies for example changes to multidisciplinary team meetings held usually midweek could be changed to a day closer to the weekend and therefore the workforce may be doubtful of referrals being received on time to their relevant partners. burn down and Bulman (2000) and Johns (2000) assert that reflective practice whilst it is patient centred all addresses the untidiness and confusion of the clinical environment.Benner et al (1996) adds cognitive process of the practice environment is not as clear cut as a science textbook. Johns (2005) states that learning though reflection leads to enlightenment finding out who we are, empowerment having courage to redefine who we are and independence given freedom to make changes to achieve desirable effects. It is the role of clinical supervisors, preceptors and mentors to encourage and implement reflection and critical thinking within their practice environment (Price 2004). Reed (2008) state that mentors ar e able to support less experienced or new employees by sharing their experience with them and providing a higher take aim of knowledge and understanding of different work practices. Duffy (2007) uses Williams (2001) to suggest problem based learning provides stimulus for student nurses to develop their critical reflection skills.Continuing Professional DevelopmentHealth care organisations in the coupled Kingdom have undergone and still continue to undergo changes to how it is regulated (Rolfe et al 2011). The emphasis is largely associated with increase patient safety and risk reduction (Rolfe et al 2011, Mantzoukas 2008). Evidence-based studies have taught the NHS and regulatory bodies how to change practices and procedures to create better outcomes for patients, they have also encompassed further development for staff to promote a better use of resources through clinical professional development (CPD) (Bulman and Schutz 2009).The Healthcare Professionals Council (2012) and The N ursing Midwifery Council (2006) state that nurses and midwives must provide evidence and maintain competency levels to remain in employment as nurses and midwives every three years after registering. The NMC does not determine the nature or types of continuing professional development programs to undertake, it is the responsibility of the practitioner and organisation to do this (Gould et al 2006, Munro 2008). Munro (2008) claims self regulation is vital to professional development and is achieved by maintaining a portfolio constructed of professional and personal achievements and certificates of attendance to mandatory competency trainings. Leblanc and Vachon (2011) agree that continuing education programmes such as diabetic training, pressure sore management training and infection control training as well as MSc postgraduate courses such as tissue viability or nursing prescribing courses add to a professional competency portfolio.Critical Incident AnalysisReflective practice is de ployed when undertaking critical incident analysis (CIA). Critical incidents can be either a surprise event (ref) or series of events that could trigger reflection (Hanning 2001). The analysis process enables the practitioner to pause and contemplate on the situation and to establish meaning to the situation. Critical thinking can be viewed as either negative or positive experiences (Price 2004) and therefore some practitioners have exhibited discomfort associated with critical incident analysis because the process can challenge what they thought they knew as best practice can have undesirable effects and heighten anger, grief, frustration and sadness (Rich and Parker 1995 see also Vachon and LeBlanc 2011). Critical incident events could be viewed as drug errors, nosocomial cross-infection or helping a patient achieve a comfortable, dignified death, closing of wards. However not all incidents have to be as grave as these. CIA can also be viewed as a significant incident where it do es not pose immediate threat, however it causes the practitioner to reflect upon the situation in systematic manner (Ghaye and Lillyman 2010).Communication skillsNon-verbal and verbal skills are used to demonstrate communication which is the direct and received of inwardnesss (McCabe 2004). In nursing communication is not only about transmitting information, nurse-patient relationship involves in the transmitting feelings and nurses need to be able to display the appropriate behaviour or manner to demonstrate that their feelings have been recognised (Sheppard 1993 cited in McCabe 2004). Attending behaviour is described by Stein-Parbury (2009) as being ready to listen, maintain good positioning, open body language, eye contact and facial expression these are all are signs of an outward physical manifestation which when a nurse displays is demonstrative of their genuine interest to know and understand their patient. Department of Health (2000) states that good communication between health providers and patients is essential for establishing high grapheme care. The most important attribute deemed by patients practitioner should have is the willingness to listen to and explain patients concerns (Moore 2009).According to the NMC (2010) the role of nurses is to use their clinical judgment in the provision of care which would enable patients to improve, maintain or bump their health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death. This is where reflection and critical incident plays a role in good communication and evolving our interpersonal skills.Discussing a patients learn and advising them on the therapy available ot giving medication are example of reflection-in-action. Reflection in action causes the practitioner to slow down and think of how to approach the patient, they may assess the situation and decided to leave out medical jargon, and use simplified speech, (Kraszewski and McEwen 2010). There are no specific models to use for these examples it is more about how the practitioner relates to the patient to convey their message is important.An example of reflection-on-action that enables practitioners to reflect on their communication skills is breaking-bad news. Bad-news has a garland of meanings attached to it ultimately it may leave the patient with fewer life choices (DHSSPS 2003). Guidelines are available to facilitate breaking of bad news. Guidelines are set out to help the practitioner conduct themselves in an empathetic manner it enables them to ensure the privacy and dignity of the patient have been maintained (DoH 2003). Unable to convey the message appropriately to patients and their families it leaves an indelible mark on the nurse-patient relationship (DHSSPS 2003). Breaking bad news is exhausting, emotionally wearing and difficult task for practitioners (OLeary 2010). Because of this it is best for staff to able to reflect upon the si tuation soon after the event with clinical supervisors, mentor or education facilitators (DHSSPS 2003).ConclusionFrom this study it can be confirmed that reflection has been widely sourced since John Deweys initial introduction. The models and frameworks of reflection all ask the practitioner to paint the picture of what happened in the clinical setting and asks the practitioner cue questions to make them relate their feeling and emotions experienced during, or after reflecting. Reflective models that end with action plans do not appear truly cyclical and models that form new hypothesis and allow experimentation to test the hypotheses are reflexive and cyclical. Some of the frameworks ask the practitioner to challenge social conflict within their organisations.Becoming proficient in reflection helps practitioners nurse gain a greater edge for understanding patient care they can use this asset to becoming mentors and clinical supervisors. Reflective practice can be challenging and so me may find it difficult if all we do is analyse what went wrong this is why it is also important to reflect on what was good in practice. Nurses need to provide evidence of continuing professional development they need to be able to defy rigours checks to make sure the sustain their registration by the NMC using reflective practice within their clinical environment sets them up for achieving this. Reflective practice using either critical incident analysis or emancipatory reflection aids in learning about communication.Reflective practice can open doors to gaining new knowledge and does not only identify problems encountered but helps nurses to share good experiences. It can positively take job satisfaction and achievement. Reflection does not have to be a lengthy or gross(a) process allowing room for student nurses or allied health to attempt reflection whilst studying as it this reflective experience that would enrich their knowledge of personal knowing and helps them to link this with patient care.There are different strategies students and practitioner can use to facilitate reflective practice these include keeping diary log, seeking feedback from mentors and clinical supervisors, having a critical friend, making anecdotal notes having group discussion. Attending MDT meetings and going on ward rounds may also facilitate reflection as the patients are discussed at length from when they first came to the health setting and to what has happened to them since.