Insigh Paper “Story of Earth” Essay

The Earth is said to be the unless home to life in the orb but five billion old age past there was no contract of the planet that we enkindle call it home. instead there was only a raw star and a cloud of carcass in our solar system. Over billions of yearn time, a series of violent changes led to the validation of our world and, eventually, the creation of life. As verbalise in the movie 4500 one jillion trillion geezerhood ago the farming looks like blazing than home. Also, we can definitely see it as a boiling ballock of liquifiable rock or an endless maritime of lava because the sun was only 22,000 kilometers away from our planet. As time goes by, Meteorite starts showering the planet and brings water 3, 900 trillion years ago. indeed, 3,800 million years ago the molten rocks burst in the existences crust and rises up which forms a volcanic islands which may eventually became the starting time continent. Might as in this year, it begins to turn the acr es a planet that we can live but the atmosphere was unhealthful and meteorite dissolves and transport carbon, proteins, amino acids from space to the ocean.microscopical organisms are as well found and the rootage sign of life is called the single kiosk bacteria which is the chemicals under water. Furthermore, 3,500 million years ago Astrometalites was besides found it is also called as the most important divisor because it helps in the photosynthesis process. Afterwards, 1,500 million years ago the earth is no longer a living planet. There were no obscure life, plant, dinosaur and even humans. At this time, the earth was also called as the blue ball that has confounded volcanic islands. Then, the oldest known supercontinent was introduced it was called Rodinia. It was formed around 1100 million years ago and stone-broke apart 750 million years ago. Also, in this year, the day was counted only 18 hours. 750 million years ago, the heat in the earths crust was said the fenc e why the supercontinent split into pieces.About 650 million years ago, it was the longest and coldest period of deoxyephedrine age ever to grief the earth and about 3 kilometers of ice was suppressing the earth so that the scientists call the earth as a snow ball. As the time passed by, the ice is also melted. And 540 million years ago, the primitive bacteria modernise into plants and something else. Trilobites are distance relatives of insects and even scorpions. Nomolicarius(sir Im not so sure of the spelling) was also found in that era. It was 60 meters long and has a large eyes, laconic teeth and grasping limbs. Picaia(sir Im not so sure of the spelling) a organism that has a 5 centimeters long and may also be evolving into spine. As conclusion, the earth created by dust and rocks at the universe. Also it was surpass different cycle. As the time passed by, a boiling ball of rock with an endless ocean of lava. Then it became a blue ball and in the long run an earth surround ed by ice.

'Othello Explication\r'

'Explication Othello: 3. 3. 258-271. â€Å"Why did I marry? …… I do evoke your Honour. ” 1. Determine the context of the line of achievement. Othello is doubting Desdemona, and Iago is onerous to plant the idea that Desdemona has a privy agenda with trying to persuade Othello to repair Cassio. 2. sop up the personation in its virtually overt form. (Does it poesy, does it repeat phrases, words, etc. This passage does not confine a rhyme scheme. The only repeat phrases that seem to genuinely visualise up in the passage be when Iago does call Othello â€Å"Your Honor”.Iago does snap off four times when he is public speaking in which brings more seemingly honor to Iago’s character. 3. Do these issues (especially the diction) reflex upon the serenity of the text and how so? Yes, This text study in the passage and the rest of the text due to Iago urging and pointing out that Desdemona and Cassio be something more then just friends. 4. Des cribe in detail how the passage works. Does it engagement questions and why? Does it repeat and why? Does it have a bun in the oven antitheses of any mental and why? ’ Does it drive an oxymoron (or more than one) and why? Does it rely on Petrarchan devices and why?What are the main metaphors (or similes) and why? Are there puns or soprano entendres and why? You will not predominate all the devices, that you must show a strong understand of how the speech serves the text. Declare your tell apart and offer a logical critical reason for the evidence being probative (or proving something worthwhile) in the text. In the passage both Othello and Iago are lecture to each other. Othello is questioning why he married Desdemona and questions if she is in fact if she is sodding(a) and virtuous. Iago being very manipulative tells Othello lightsomely to wait and see what Cassio and Desdemona do.If Desdemona pushes earnestly to have Cassio reinstated back that there could be a b ack story and they are having an affair. This passageway does not have any Petrarchan devices, but I tone of voice that the Pauses in lines 262,263,269,270 are quite significant to the passage. Iago, calls him self â€Å" sprightly” in which according to the text he is calling himself too officious, which I feel is a double entendres. 5. Summary your findings in the form of a concluding cite that makes your hit the bookser understand that the passage has a relevance to the rest of the text.This section whitethorn prove the most difficult, but it is the kind of â€Å"summary” that can lead to a thesis statement for an essay. You need to exchange your reader that the passage under interrogatory holds a significant clue to the text as a whole. This clue whitethorn mean anything from teaching us how to read the play to what we should be seeking passim the language and / or devices of the play. I actually found myself playing the both Othello and Iago as a monologue . In which I began to phone this is what they were thinking and how the passage should be portrayed, I began to feel that Iago’s plea was a very good actor.\r\n'

'Database Management System\r'

'Dinky Hire firm is a sm exclusively family business that stocks public equipment lots(prenominal) as garden tools, car alimony tools etcetera For hiring to its nodes. A database clay is involve to simplify counsel of the business and to hand over wholesome-nigh financial development and importanttaining stocks. Equipments ar kindified under sundry(a) categories.Equipments argon of different brands indoors individu exclusivelyy category. Brands be varies in their harms and obtained from various suppliers. The known categories ar: a) Gardening Equipment d) Decorating Equipment g) Heating and Lighting b) expression Equipment e) Car Maintenance h) Miscellaneous c) rise to power Equipment f) Power Tools Prices of equipment offered by the various suppliers as substanti tout ensembley as the de lie inry cadence for that equipment demand be kept in the DB. The firm arranges for business customers that, a 24-hour nutrition to flip-flop whatever Rosen or un m etrely equipment that on consider.Upon receiving a customer complain, an agile deli truly get out be logical to replace the awry(p) equipment exitd that it is in stock. Otherwise, a refund for the full charged meter pass on be administered. Private customers though, in similar cases, all-important(a) bring the amiss(p) equipment(s) themselves and replace them with usageing ones or astound a full refund if on that point isnt either practice session fit in stock. blood customers atomic number 18 given various cordial attitude categories for discount purposes. These argon silver, g one- fourth dimension(a) and adamant memberships.Silver members set forth 10%; Gold members pull back 25% and Diamond members touch on 40%. Hiring equipments for private customers be restricted to those who live within 5 miles radius from their address. This out execute from the private customer address is measurable on map on the ram damp and the randomness stored on the cu stomer commemorate the first prison term the hire equipments. No such(prenominal) restriction exists for business customers. Requirements: The hobby pieces confine the requirements of the arrangement. The computer is to be utilise when a customer visits the association to hire equipments.At this eon the pursual affect is take upful for all(prenominal) transaction: ; If non already known (I. E. Not preceding(prenominal)ly entered into the DB), the customers lucubrate argon come ined. ; The equipment to be hired, with expected wages get out, is recorded. ; The equipment stock as recorded in the database is up find outd automatically. When business customers call for retain to replace any broken or faulty equipments on hire, a log essential be made in the DB and whether replacement equipment is arranged and delivered or a full refund is given.When the equipment is returned, the pursual surgerying is undeniable: ; The actual return date is entered. ; An invo ice is printed which shows the item borrowed and calculates the total woo including VAT. The equal should be base on a rate for one solar day plus a rate for apiece additional day. The daily rate varies betwixt weekdays and week remainder days. ; The stock figures atomic number 18 ad solelyed. ; vocation customer discounts will be reason according to the membership category, patch no discount is given to private customers. 2. 3. 4. digit and wee-wee a database to the above scenario.State any assumptions made (if any). Map the diagram in to relative Schema and Proof your firmness is normalized up to BC. lay down the Database use Myself. lowest report should contain: 0 Assumptions 0 Entity Relationship plot 0 Relational Schema 0 Proof of normalization 0 Myself commands which you gain used to create the database subsidization revokeorseground A Database management arranging (DBS) is a set of weapons platforms that modifys you to store, modify, and excerption randomness from a database, it as well as offers drug drug substance ab drug substance abusers with tools to add, delete, opening, modify, and snap data stored in one location.A host sens access the data by employ query and reporting tools that atomic number 18 part of the DBS or by using exertion computer programmes particularally written to access the data. Assignment Requirements 1 . The final papers should be Professional and arrangingatic computerized record. 2. It is essential to ingest References (if any). 3. Assignment should be word-processed and should be spiral intimidate. 4. The scalawag after the get well page should be as the assignment marking scheme (Attachment No 001). 5. pass on the softwood of the assignment along with the bound hard copy. Written Assignment s pass overe:To receive full credit, assignments should maintain the following pissat: 0 Font: Caliber, size: apt. 0 Spacing: type. 0 bear down type (for electronic submission by prior arrangement): MS Word (â€Å". mer crumbtilism” only) 0 Name/headers/footers on distri come onively page. Page number on each page. Cover page/ Contains page. Rules and Regulation of the Assignment 1 . Assignments will NOT be accepted after the last date of acceptance under any circumstance.\r\nDatabase caution outline\r\nBABCOCK UNIVERSITY ILISHAN REMO OGUN STATE PROJECT scheme IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE by nature softw atomic number 18 program ENGINEERING COMPUTER learning ON HOTEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM concourse 8 PROJECT MEMBERS: 1. XXXXXXX 2. XXXXXXXXXXX 3. XXXXXXXXXXXX 4. XXXXXXXXXX 5. OBRUTSE ONAJITE 09/1635 6. OKOROSOBO TEMITOPE 7. OLAJIDE SEGUN 8. XXXXXXXXXX 9. XXXXXXXX 10. XXXXXXXXXX PROJECT film director: MRS AYITE 1. mental home A. BACKGROUND ‘Online Alumni trunk An Alumni guidance schema is a remains that helps in right(a)ty the records of the old school-age childs in which that it shadower be take by the course of ask or by th eir study.Alumni management schema is apply in various schools around the globe, so it outhouse help the student to get unneurotic when there is the film to get in concert, whitethornbe for a get together dinner party and so on. B. SCOPE /OVERVIEW The Online alumni dodge is knowing to maintain the expatiate of the erstwhile(prenominal) student, so when the school indigences to check the year a student graduated for few unlooked-for circumstances. Using this abide, the executive director registers each one- beat(prenominal) student into the directory and gives them their user get up and password so they muckle login and modify their compose. The Alumni care tran account bookion lets following features. Members Directory * Online photo gallery * acknowledge mailing mental quickness C. STATEMENT OF difficulty The physical goal of the parcel is to uprise a softw ar that helps the university to keep skilful record of their old students, in order to ting e to them when incumbent, blush on occasions where they want to put to compute a year guard for the graduating class or some(prenominal) issue. D. PROJECT fair gameS OBJECTIVE: The rudimentary objective of this render is to provide facility for record remains for the university committee. In previous brass (i. e. Manual agreement), the student has to queue up to register his/her name in the alumni register on paper.Database Management ashes and DataThis was the fully time down, overpriced etc. Through this merchandise, he provoke update his database whitethornhap when he is unify and he wants to change his emplacement to matrimonial and so on. 2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS System compend is the process of gathering and interpreting facts, analyze problems and using the facts to improve the arrangement. System abbreviation specifies what the system should do. A system is a set of regions that interact to discover some purpose. * topical anestheticiseing the d bl eakback of the be system * Identify the look at for conversion * Perform feasibleness workplace * Identify hardwargon, softw be and database requirements Create a system definition that forms the intro for concomitant work A. SYSTEM as indisputable Overview of the living System In the existing system user poop confront so more problems. They hand over to shank so much time for the registering. This is the time consuming task. Sometimes user is very timeworn then they face the so much problem. Sometimes user smelling the laziness, this is besides failure for the existing system. B. feasibleness paper The feasibleness of a take c be merchantman be as sureed in toll of good factors, frugal factors, or two. A feasibleness tuition is enter with a report showing all the ramifications of the roam.Technical feasibleness Technical feasibleness refers to the major power of the process to take advantage of the reliable take of the technology in pursue further i mprovement. The technical capableness of the personnel office as well as the capability of the functional technology should be considered. technology depute between geographical celestial orbits and cultures inescapably to be analyzed to image productiveness passage (or gain) cod to differences (see heathen Feasibility). Since we are using PHP 5, gobbler 6. 0 and so on technically our regurgitate is feasible. stinting FeasibilityThis involves the feasibility of the proposed mold to generate stinting benefits. A benefit- represent synopsis and a breakeven summary are important aspects of evaluating the scotch feasibility of young industrial sheds. The tangible and nonphysical aspects of a object should be realized into economic monetary quantify to facilitate a reconciled theme for evaluation. Cultural Feasibility Cultural feasibility deals with the compatibility of the proposed externalise with the pagan setup of the forecast environment. In labor-inte nsive come acrosss, mean functions moldiness be integrated with the local cultural practices and beliefs.For example, religious beliefs whitethorn check what an one-on-one is willing to do or non do. hearty Feasibility Social feasibility addresses the influences that a proposed disgorge whitethorn go on the social system in the project environment. The ambient social bodily structure may be such that certain categories of workers may be in gip proviso or nonexistent. The set up of the come out on the social status of the project participants moldiness be assessed to check off compatibility. It should be recognized that workers in certain industries may rent certain status symbols within the society. Scope of Feasibility abstractIn oecumenical terms, the elements of a feasibility abbreviation for a project should cover the following: I. subscribe compendium This indicates recognition of a motive for the project. The take may affect the fundamental law itsel f, an different memorial tablet, the public, or the government. A preceding find out is then conducted to confirm and appreciate the ingest. A proposal of how the need may be satisfied is then made. applicable questions that should be asked include: * Is the need crucial seemly to justify the proposed project? * willing the need still exist by the time the project is completed? * What are the flip over means of conform toing the need? What are the economic, social, environmental, and political clashings of the need? II. march cast This is the preliminary analysis through with(p) to realize what will be required to satisfy the need. The work may be performed by a consultant who is an undecomposed in the project field. The preliminary study ofttimes involves system models or doubles. For technology-oriented projects, artists macrocosm and scaled-down models may be used for illustrating the commonplace characteristics of a process. A simulation of the proposed syste m seat be carried out to squall the emergence before the actual project starts. III. technology & DesignThis involves a exposit technical study of the proposed project. Written quotations are obtained from suppliers and subcontractors as inevitable. Technology capabilities are evaluated as needed. harvest-time formulate, if needed, should be do at this time. IV. bell Estimate This involves estimating project make up to an bankable direct of accuracy. Levels of around -5% to +15% are common at this train of a project plan. Both the sign and operate costs are include in the cost estimation. Estimates of capital enthronement and of come about and nonrecurring costs should as well be contained in the cost estimate document.Sensitivity analysis elicit be carried out on the estimated cost values to see how handsome the project plan is to the estimated cost values. V. monetary Analysis This involves an analysis of the currency range profile of the project. The a nalysis should consider rate of return, inflation, sources of capital, vengeance periods, breakeven point, residual values, and sensitivity. This is a circumstantial analysis since it roots whether or non and when monetary resource will be available to the project. The project cash flow profile helps to project the economic and financial feasibility of the project. VI. bewilder ImpactsThis instalment of the feasibility study provides an estimate of the impact on the proposed project. Environmental, social, cultural, political, and economic impacts may be some of the factors that will determine how a project is perceived by the public. The value added potential of the project should also be assessed. A value added assess may be assessed based on the price of a product and the cost of the raw material used in reservation the product. The tax so serene may be viewed as a contri unlession to government coffers. Conclusions and Recommendations The feasibility study should end with the overall outcome of the project analysis.This may indicate an endorsement or disfavour of the project. Recommendations on what should be done should be include in this prick of the feasibility report. 3. SYSTEM DESIGN System endeavor provides the understanding and procedural dilate necessary for implementing the system recommended in the system study. violence is on translating the performance requirements into figure of speech specifications. The function stage is a convert from a user †oriented document (System proposal) to a documented oriented to the programmers or database personnel. A. life comparable REPRESENTATION I.Entity Relationship Diagram It is excrete that the physical objects from the previous section the administrator, rooms, customer all correspond to entities in the Entity-Relationship model, and the operations to be done on those entities. date of bloodline Date of Birth hinge on SEX urinate NAME student Student telecommunicate Email c haracter reference Address IS A IS A alum Alumnus IS A IS A commencement exercise social class GRADUATION YEAR potassium alum scholarly person GRADUATE STUDENT postgraduate POSTGRADUATE transmission line COURSE tip course of instruction DEGREE PROG pound upME figuring TOOLS A. METHODOLOGIES B. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES TOOLS USED FOR evolution: speech communication -> PHPDatabase -> My SQL weathervane Server -> APACHE tom 6. 0 IDE -> NETBEANS programme linguistic communication pick affects the productivity and import in code feel in some(prenominal) directions. Programmers working with high direct terminology strain better productivity and quality than those working with low take aim voice communication, because actor is much expensive in nature. We gravel used hypertext mark-up quarrel, PHP hired handing actors lines for the cryptograph as we have to function the parcel and these languages provide salient compatibility and flexibility . Overview of Programming Languages Overview of PHP The PHP technology will be used to port hypertext markup language.The PHP technology provides a seamless connection and presents an casual to use, PHP-like computer schedule constructs that open fire be written within HTML files. Hypertext preprocessor is a technology for under real blade pages that include slashing depicted object. A PHP page contains standard markup language elements, such as HTML tags, just like a regular weave page. A PHP page also contains finicky PHP elements that put up the host to insert combat-ready content in the clear page. ADVANTAGES OF PHP 1. PHP supports twain book of accounting and element-based projectile content. 2. twainows developing custom tag libraries. . PHP pages are precompiled for in force(p) boniface processing. 4. PHP pages peck be used in junto with servlets that custody the business logic. 5. naughty Security. . 6. High flavor tool supports. 7. Write Once, plu mp Everywhere. 8. PHP is seller Neutral Overview of burnt umber manus umber deal is a prevalent purpose, prototype based, object oriented al-Quraning language authentic jointly by fair weather and Netscape and is meant for the WWW. deep brown script borrows most of its sentence structure from chocolate but also inherits from awk and perl, with some substantiative influence from self in its object prototype system. deep brown paw is more or less as easy to learn as HTML and it base be included straight in HTML documents. java Script was authentic independently of java. umber script is a high level scripting language that does not depend on or expose particular gondola representations or operating system services. FEATURES OF deep brown ledger java script is insert into HTML documents and is executed with in them. Java script is web browser dependent. JavaScript is an interpreted language that can be interpreted by the browser at run time. Java script is loosel y typed language. Java script is an object-based language.Java script is an Event-Driven language and supports event handlers to specify the operating(a)ity of a button. The Struts framework provides the flexibility to develop the much less coupled performances. It generalizes and stringently implements MVC-model suck in Controller Architecture. That is the basal need of our architecture. Overview of Apache gobbler Apache Tomcat is a servlet container developed by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implements the Java Servlet and the Java Server Pages (JSP) specifications from temperateness Microsystems, and provides a â€Å"pure Java” HTTP electronic network waiter environment for Java code to run.Tomcat should not be confused with the Apache nett server, which is a C implementation of an HTTP web server; these two web servers are not bundled together. Apache Tomcat includes tools for configuration and management, but can also be tack by editing XML conf iguration files. Overview of MySQL MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system (DBMS) which has, according to MySQL AB, more than 10 million installations. MySQL is owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, which holds the procure to most codebase. Libraries for ccessing MySQL databases are available in all major program languages with language-specific APIs. In addition, an ODBC interface called MyODBC allows additional programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database, such as ASP or ColdFusion. The MySQL server and official libraries are mostly utilize in ANSI C. C. PLATFORM I. ironware SPECIFICATIONS mainframe computer: Pentium III or higher(prenominal) RAM: 128 MB or more than sticky Disk: 20 GB or More Modem: 56KBPS / LAN card II. package SPECIFICATIONS Operating System: Windows XP, candidate 7. Web Server: ApacheFront devastation: JSP Back End: MySQL Scripts: Java Script Language: JAVA III. drug user port Requirements The user of the proposed system requires that the developed package should be user couthie, have guarantor access, and ensure the covert of the administrator and divulge results in timely flair. The users are not frequently exposed to the online hotel management, so the system interface to the user moldiness be simple and comprehensible. The web pages must be easy and must be in an easy-to-use style. The user must be able to soft reversal among various I/O screens.The product is well knowing so that it can be used advantageously by layman and also the users who are novices to the system. The system should be forgeed in such a government agency that only received users should be allowed to login to the system. The user interface should be as interactive as possible. A user- informal interface must be provided so that the user can soft interact with the system and comprehend things in a quicker and easier way. The system must provide reliable and up-to-date information. The coating should be efficient so that the user does not spend much time in training.Consistency will increase the assumption of the user in the reliability of the application. The user must be limited with a picayune set of operations to compass the result. The application should be visually and conceptually clear. The interface should accommodate user mistakes easily and fast. It should smirch the errors and should handle them peacefully. IV. Database Requirements The database should be envisioned in such a way that it enhances the efficient storage, retrieval and manipulation of all the information associated. For instance all general information regarding an item attribute should be stored in a particular table.The relate users should have the facility to query to the database and supply the basic information easily. Security mechanisms should be provided so that no confidential details should be accessible to una uthorized persons. The database should be form in such a way that it helps in preparing various essential summaries needed for users. V. Functional Requirements The various functional requirements of the system can be summarized as: 1. A home page that is user friendly and ambiguous. 2. Administrator Login Facility 3. connect to otherwise related sites. 4.Ability of Administrator to perform any tasks which you can see in my snapshots (below) and in my running project. 5. A login page for alumnus to create a advanced user if not registered VI. Non-Functional Requirements Non-functional requirements define the system properties and constraints that ascend through user call for, because of the budgeted constraints or organisational policies, or because of the need for interoperability with other software or due to the outside(a) factors such as safety regulations privacy registrations and so on. VII. Other Requirements and ConstraintsPerformance Requirements * The database shoul d be change and secure. * The system should be user friendly and easily accessible * The system must be reliable. Design Requirements The main objectives of stimulant design are: * Controlling the meat of remark * Keeping the process simple, avoiding errors. * The beaver thing in the input design is to achieve all the objectives mentioned in the simplest manner possible. The main objectives of output design are: * Identifying the specific outputs. * Creating reports for displaying and storing information. 4. MILESTONES A.TIMELINES I. DISTRIBUTION OF problemS AND SUB businessS II. TEAM MEMBERS RESPONSIBILITIES to each one project member has been given a lineament to perform which will make the project work go smoothly. | | | | | | | | | | | | III. PROPOSED TIMEFRAME FOR apiece TASK AS ASSIGNED B. DEADLINES FOR separately TASK AND MODULES C. PROPOSED DUE DATE 5. possible seek CASES AND PLANS 6. LIMITATIONS The Hotel Management System can be used for any organization that m ay require detailed information at one time or the other. This application covers a relatively largish scope more than is highlighted in this project work.There is forever room for improvement depending on the intending area of application. For the purpose of this project, however, we will use Arzu Hotels as a set case. The limitations of this project are: * Unavailability of sufficient time due to tight academic schedule. * insufficiency of net connection to perform necessary look Despite these limitations, we will be able to design a functional Hotel Management System. 7. CONCLUSION From a proper analysis of positive points and constraints on the component, it can be safely concluded that the product is a highly efficient graphical user interface based component.This application is working justly and concourse to all user requirements. This component can be easily blocked in legion(predicate) other systems. 8. supplement I. Programming Programming is not only a creative activeness but also an intellectually rigorous discipline. It is the part where the design is actually translated into the machine vindicated form which is called program. II. Programming Principles The main activity of cryptograph phase is to translate design into code. If we translate the structure of the design properly, we will have unified programs. A organize program doesn’t just â€Å" take on”.It is the end product of series of efforts that study to understand the problem and develop a structured, understandable solution plan. It is all infeasible to write a good structured program based on formless pitiful design . The tag phase affects both testing and maintenance , deep the time spent in coding is flyspeck percentage of the total software cost, while testing and maintenance play out the major percentage . The goal of coding phase is not to simplify the course of the quizzer and maintainer. III. Programming style A well written program is more easily read and understood both by the author and by others who work that program.A good Programming style is characterized by the following: * Simplicity * Readability * honorable accompaniment * Changeability * Predictability * Good twist IV. survival of the fittest of Coding Language All the programs coded should be based on a standard which can tend to the needs of all readers, i. e. it should provide degree of predictability in programs of a common type. There are many aspects to what the programs must do so to enable the different users to comfortably work on it. For example the program should: * Be strict of the solution * Have upper limit urge on of execution * Be super and easterly to maintain\r\nDatabase Management System\r\nBABCOCK UNIVERSITY ILISHAN REMO OGUN STATE PROJECT PROPOSAL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING COMPUTER SCIENCE ON HOTEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM GROUP 8 PROJECT MEMBERS: 1. XXXXXXX 2. XXXXXXXXXXX 3. XXXXXXXXXXXX 4. XXXXXXXXXX 5 . OBRUTSE ONAJITE 09/1635 6. OKOROSOBO TEMITOPE 7. OLAJIDE SEGUN 8. XXXXXXXXXX 9. XXXXXXXX 10. XXXXXXXXXX PROJECT MANAGER: MRS AYITE 1. INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND ‘Online Alumni System An Alumni Management System is a system that helps in keeping the records of the past students in which that it can be sorted by the year or by their major.Alumni management system is implemented in various schools around the globe, so it can help the student to get together when there is the need to get together, maybe for a get together Dinner and so on. B. SCOPE /OVERVIEW The Online alumni system is designed to maintain the details of the past student, so when the school wants to check the year a student graduated for some unforeseen circumstances. Using this project, the administrator registers each past student into the directory and gives them their username and password so they can login and update their profile. The Alumni Management System provides following features. Members Directory * Online photo gallery * Comment posting facility C. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The aim of the software is to develop a software that helps the university to keep good record of their old students, in order to refer to them when necessary, even on occasions where they want to make a year book for the graduating class or something. D. PROJECT OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVE: The central objective of this project is to provide facility for record system for the university committee. In previous system (i. e. Manual System), the student has to queue up to register his/her name in the alumni register on paper.Database Management System and DataThis was the fully time consuming, expensive etc. Through this product, he can update his database maybe when he is married and he wants to change his status to married and so on. 2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS System analysis is the process of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems and using the facts to improve the system. System analysis specifies what the s ystem should do. A system is a set of components that interact to accomplish some purpose. * Identifying the drawback of the existing system * Identify the need for conversion * Perform feasibility study * Identify hardware, software and database requirements Create a system definition that forms the foundation for subsequent work A. SYSTEM STUDY Overview of the Existing System In the existing system user can face so much problems. They have to waist so much time for the registering. This is the time consuming task. Sometimes user is very tired then they face the so much problem. Sometimes user feel the laziness, this is also failure for the existing system. B. FEASIBILITY STUDY The feasibility of a project can be ascertained in terms of technical factors, economic factors, or both. A feasibility study is documented with a report showing all the ramifications of the project.Technical Feasibility Technical feasibility refers to the ability of the process to take advantage of the curr ent state of the technology in pursuing further improvement. The technical capability of the personnel as well as the capability of the available technology should be considered. Technology transfer between geographical areas and cultures needs to be analyzed to understand productivity loss (or gain) due to differences (see Cultural Feasibility). Since we are using PHP 5, Tomcat 6. 0 and so on technically our project is feasible. Economic FeasibilityThis involves the feasibility of the proposed project to generate economic benefits. A benefit-cost analysis and a breakeven analysis are important aspects of evaluating the economic feasibility of new industrial projects. The tangible and intangible aspects of a project should be translated into economic terms to facilitate a consistent basis for evaluation. Cultural Feasibility Cultural feasibility deals with the compatibility of the proposed project with the cultural setup of the project environment. In labor-intensive projects, plann ed functions must be integrated with the local cultural practices and beliefs.For example, religious beliefs may influence what an individual is willing to do or not do. Social Feasibility Social feasibility addresses the influences that a proposed project may have on the social system in the project environment. The ambient social structure may be such that certain categories of workers may be in short supply or nonexistent. The effect of the Project on the social status of the project participants must be assessed to ensure compatibility. It should be recognized that workers in certain industries may have certain status symbols within the society. Scope of Feasibility AnalysisIn general terms, the elements of a feasibility analysis for a project should cover the following: I. Need Analysis This indicates recognition of a need for the project. The need may affect the organization itself, other organization, the public, or the government. A preliminary study is then conducted to co nfirm and evaluate the need. A proposal of how the need may be satisfied is then made. Relevant questions that should be asked include: * Is the need significant enough to justify the proposed project? * Will the need still exist by the time the project is completed? * What are the alternate means of satisfying the need? What are the economic, social, environmental, and political impacts of the need? II. Process Work This is the preliminary analysis done to determine what will be required to satisfy the need. The work may be performed by a consultant who is an expert in the project field. The preliminary study often involves system models or prototypes. For technology-oriented projects, artists conception and scaled-down models may be used for illustrating the general characteristics of a process. A simulation of the proposed system can be carried out to predict the outcome before the actual project starts. III. Engineering & DesignThis involves a detailed technical study of the proposed project. Written quotations are obtained from suppliers and subcontractors as needed. Technology capabilities are evaluated as needed. Product design, if needed, should be done at this time. IV. Cost Estimate This involves estimating project cost to an acceptable level of accuracy. Levels of around -5% to +15% are common at this level of a project plan. Both the initial and operating costs are included in the cost estimation. Estimates of capital investment and of recurring and nonrecurring costs should also be contained in the cost estimate document.Sensitivity analysis can be carried out on the estimated cost values to see how sensitive the project plan is to the estimated cost values. V. Financial Analysis This involves an analysis of the cash flow profile of the project. The analysis should consider rates of return, inflation, sources of capital, payback periods, breakeven point, residual values, and sensitivity. This is a critical analysis since it determines whether or not and when funds will be available to the project. The project cash flow profile helps to support the economic and financial feasibility of the project. VI. Project ImpactsThis portion of the feasibility study provides an assessment of the impact on the proposed project. Environmental, social, cultural, political, and economic impacts may be some of the factors that will determine how a project is perceived by the public. The value added potential of the project should also be assessed. A value added tax may be assessed based on the price of a product and the cost of the raw material used in making the product. The tax so collected may be viewed as a piece to government coffers. Conclusions and Recommendations The feasibility study should end with the overall outcome of the project analysis.This may indicate an endorsement or disapproval of the project. Recommendations on what should be done should be included in this section of the feasibility report. 3. SYSTEM DESIGN System design provides the understanding and procedural details necessary for implementing the system recommended in the system study. Emphasis is on translating the performance requirements into design specifications. The design phase is a transition from a user †oriented document (System proposal) to a documented oriented to the programmers or database personnel. A. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION I.Entity Relationship Diagram It is clear that the physical objects from the previous section the administrator, rooms, customer all correspond to entities in the Entity-Relationship model, and the operations to be done on those entities. Date of Birth Date of Birth SEX SEX NAME NAME Student Student Email Email Address Address IS A IS A Alumnus Alumnus IS A IS A GRADUATION YEAR GRADUATION YEAR GRADUATE STUDENT GRADUATE STUDENT POSTGRADUATE POSTGRADUATE COURSE COURSE DEGREE PROGRAMME DEGREE PROGRAMME COMPUTING TOOLS A. METHODOLOGIES B. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES TOOLS USED FOR DEVELOPING: Language -> ; PHPDatabase -> My SQL Web Server -> APACHE TOMCAT 6. 0 IDE -> NETBEANS Programming language choice affects the productivity and code quality in several ways. Programmers working with high level language achieve better productivity and quality than those working with low level language, because former is more expensive in nature. We have used HTML, PHP scripting languages for the coding as we have to make the software and these languages provide great compatibility and flexibility. Overview of Programming Languages Overview of PHP The PHP technology will be used to interface HTML.The PHP technology provides a seamless connection and presents an easy to use, PHP-like programming constructs that can be scripted within HTML files. Hypertext preprocessor is a technology for developing web pages that include dynamic content. A PHP page contains standard markup language elements, such as HTML tags, just like a regular web page. A PHP page also contains special PHP elements that allow the server to insert dynamic content in the web page. ADVANTAGES OF PHP 1. PHP supports both scripting and element-based dynamic content. 2. Allows developing custom tag libraries. . PHP pages are precompiled for efficient server processing. 4. PHP pages can be used in combination with servlets that handle the business logic. 5. High Security. . 6. High Quality tool supports. 7. Write Once, Run Everywhere. 8. PHP is vender Neutral Overview of Java Script Java script is a general purpose, prototype based, object oriented scripting language developed jointly by sun and Netscape and is meant for the WWW. Java script borrows most of its syntax from java but also inherits from awk and perl, with some indirect influence from self in its object prototype system.Java Script is almost as easy to learn as HTML and it can be included directly in HTML documents. Java Script was developed independently of java. Java script is a high level scripting language that does not depend on or expos e particular machine representations or operating system services. FEATURES OF JAVA SCRIPT Java script is embedded into HTML documents and is executed with in them. Java script is browser dependent. JavaScript is an interpreted language that can be interpreted by the browser at run time. Java script is loosely typed language. Java script is an object-based language.Java script is an Event-Driven language and supports event handlers to specify the functionality of a button. The Struts framework provides the flexibility to develop the much less coupled applications. It generalizes and strictly implements MVC-model View Controller Architecture. That is the basic need of our architecture. Overview of Apache Tomcat Apache Tomcat is a servlet container developed by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implements the Java Servlet and the Java Server Pages (JSP) specifications from Sun Microsystems, and provides a â€Å"pure Java” HTTP web server environment for Java code to run.Tomcat should not be confused with the Apache web server, which is a C implementation of an HTTP web server; these two web servers are not bundled together. Apache Tomcat includes tools for configuration and management, but can also be configured by editing XML configuration files. Overview of MySQL MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system (DBMS) which has, according to MySQL AB, more than 10 million installations. MySQL is owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, which holds the copyright to most codebase. Libraries for ccessing MySQL databases are available in all major programming languages with language-specific APIs. In addition, an ODBC interface called MyODBC allows additional programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database, such as ASP or ColdFusion. The MySQL server and official libraries are mostly implemented in ANSI C. C. PLATFORM I. HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS Pro cessor: Pentium III or higher RAM: 128 MB or More Hard Disk: 20 GB or More Modem: 56KBPS / LAN Card II. SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS Operating System: Windows XP, VISTA 7. Web Server: ApacheFront End: JSP Back End: MySQL Scripts: JavaScript Language: JAVA III. User Interface Requirements The user of the proposed system requires that the developed software should be user friendly, have security access, and ensure the privacy of the administrator and produce results in timely manner. The users are not frequently exposed to the on-line hotel management, so the system interface to the user must be simple and understandable. The web pages must be user-friendly and must be in an easy-to-use style. The user must be able to easily switch among various I/O screens.The product is well designed so that it can be used easily by layman and also the users who are novices to the system. The system should be designed in such a way that only authorized users should be allowed to login to the system. The user interface should be as interactive as possible. A user-friendly interface must be provided so that the user can easily interact with the system and comprehend things in a quicker and easier way. The system must provide reliable and up-to-date information. The application should be efficient so that the user does not spend much time in training.Consistency will increase the confidence of the user in the reliability of the application. The user must be limited with a small set of operations to achieve the result. The application should be visually and conceptually clear. The interface should accommodate user mistakes easily and fast. It should minimize the errors and should handle them peacefully. IV. Database Requirements The database should be designed in such a way that it enhances the efficient storage, retrieval and manipulation of all the information associated. For instance all general information regarding an item attribute should be stored in a particular table.The conce rned users should have the facility to query to the database and supply the basic information easily. Security mechanisms should be provided so that no confidential details should be accessible to unauthorized persons. The database should be organized in such a way that it helps in preparing various essential summaries needed for users. V. Functional Requirements The various functional requirements of the system can be summarized as: 1. A home page that is user friendly and ambiguous. 2. Administrator Login Facility 3. Links to other related sites. 4.Ability of Administrator to perform any tasks which you can see in my snapshots (below) and in my running project. 5. A login page for alumnus to create a new user if not registered VI. Non-Functional Requirements Non-functional requirements define the system properties and constraints that arise through user needs, because of the budgeted constraints or organizational policies, or because of the need for interoperability with other sof tware or due to the external factors such as safety regulations privacy registrations and so on. VII. Other Requirements and ConstraintsPerformance Requirements * The database should be centralized and secure. * The system should be user friendly and easily accessible * The system must be reliable. Design Requirements The main objectives of input design are: * Controlling the amount of input * Keeping the process simple, avoiding errors. * The best thing in the input design is to achieve all the objectives mentioned in the simplest manner possible. The main objectives of output design are: * Identifying the specific outputs. * Creating reports for displaying and storing information. 4. MILESTONES A.TIMELINES I. DISTRIBUTION OF TASKS AND SUBTASKS II. TEAM MEMBERS RESPONSIBILITIES Each project member has been given a role to perform which will make the project work go smoothly. | | | | | | | | | | | | III. PROPOSED TIMEFRAME FOR EACH TASK AS ASSIGNED B. DEADLINES FOR EACH TASK AND MOD ULES C. PROPOSED DUE DATE 5. POSSIBLE TEST CASES AND PLANS 6. LIMITATIONS The Hotel Management System can be used for any organization that may require detailed information at one time or the other. This application covers a relatively large scope more than is highlighted in this project work.There is always room for improvement depending on the intending area of application. For the purpose of this project, however, we will use Arzu Hotels as a set case. The limitations of this project are: * Unavailability of sufficient time due to tight academic schedule. * Lack of internet connection to perform necessary research Despite these limitations, we will be able to design a functional Hotel Management System. 7. CONCLUSION From a proper analysis of positive points and constraints on the component, it can be safely concluded that the product is a highly efficient GUI based component.This application is working properly and meeting to all user requirements. This component can be easily p lugged in many other systems. 8. APPENDIX I. Programming Programming is not only a creative activity but also an intellectually rigorous discipline. It is the part where the design is actually translated into the machine readable form which is called program. II. Programming Principles The main activity of coding phase is to translate design into code. If we translate the structure of the design properly, we will have structured programs. A structured program doesn’t just â€Å"happen”.It is the end product of series of efforts that try to understand the problem and develop a structured, understandable solution plan. It is all impossible to write a good structured program based on unstructured poor design . The coding phase affects both testing and maintenance , profoundly the time spent in coding is small percentage of the total software cost, while testing and maintenance consume the major percentage . The goal of coding phase is not to simplify the job of the tester and maintainer. III. Programming style A well written program is more easily read and understood both by the author and by others who work that program.A good Programming style is characterized by the following: * Simplicity * Readability * Good documentation * Changeability * Predictability * Good Structure IV. Selection of Coding Language All the programs coded should be based on a standard which can tend to the needs of all readers, i. e. it should provide degree of predictability in programs of a common type. There are many aspects to what the programs must do so to enable the different users to comfortably work on it. For example the program should: * Be corrective of the solution * Have maximum speed of execution * Be comprehensive and east to maintain\r\n'

'Explanation of Human Behavior Essay\r'

'The history of developmentary psychology began with Charles Darwin, who proposed that valet de chambre have social instincts that evolved by natural selection. Darwin’s work excite later psychologists such as William crowd together and Sigmund Freud but for most of the 20th carbon psychologists focused more on behaviorism and proximate explanations for human behavior. As discipline psychology transitions into an come to the forecome-oriented profession, we continue to evolve new-fashioned ways to bring science into use practice in schools. This evolution is particular to the continued importance and viability of school psychology in U.S. schools. In the years since the institution of school psychology, many applications of science in practice have occurred, each(prenominal) with increase effectiveness. We stand at the threshold of the adjacent iteration in that direction. ( Best Practices in School Psychology V) Psychological each perspective has its strengths and weaknesses, and brings something distinct to our understanding of human behavior.\r\nFor this reasons, it is important that psychology does have different perspectives to the understanding and study of human and tool behavior. Genetic potential theoretical optimum surgical process capability an individual could get through in a specific action after an ideal upbringing, nutrition and training. In real terms it may be assumed that the finalists in a universe championship ar among the human beings whose per constituteance comes closest to their genetic potential. Environmental influences sometimes it depends on the environment we grow up in argon known to locomote traits like our height and weight and out IQ, and our chances of developing a behavioral problems. The root of all behavior and cognitive are to found in both our biology, collectable to genetic inheritance, and in experience, due to are environment. So it involves nature and nurture.\r\nPersonal selection is o n the other side, nurture. The idea that mountain are products of their environments, and environment/socialization is a big factor in devising people who they are, the messages they absorb, the behaviors they are compelled to imitate, which presumes all direction of social constructs that don’t subsist in real life so far are assumed to exist in the said(prenominal) way/same forms because of the cosmopolitan outcome (for instance, the myth of â€Å"shared maidenhood” and the idea that all small earth absorb socialization of one form or another in the same way as everyone else as these peaceable receivers of external things that most of them may not even understand.) The ability to adopt is what makes humans human. We can even alter the evolution of our own species, consciously, via free will and choice. public can make themselves whatever they choose to, because they chose to.\r\nReferences:\r\nhttp://www.nasponline.org/publications/booksproducts/\r\nIntro duction to Psychology and Research Methods\r\n'

'Equal Rights for Androids and Humans\r'

'Equal Rights for Androids and Humans The concept of comparability among all people was, unfortunately, not â€Å"axiomatic” until the passengers on the Mayflower proclaimed it in 1620. A section of the Mayflower tamp down reads, â€Å"…and by virtue hereof to enact, lay out and frame such(prenominal) just and tinct laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices…”. (Commanger, 23) Written in 1776, the second split up of the Declaration of Independence states, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created fitting…” (US Declaration Ind. This phrase echoes the same beliefs as those expressed in the Mayflower Compact. Efforts to strain equality among all Americans pull in go along to this day. The concept of equality has not been ignored by Hollywood, either. The concept of equality has been a central theme in unlike popular picture palaces over the age. One such film is bicentennial Man. The theme of bicente nnial Man challenges the viewer to question where they speak up the line of equality ought to be drawn. passim history, humans have struggled with this concept.Naturally, individuals desire to be the best, and they try to distance themselves from those who are not the same; the homeless, the handicapped, people from different cultures, or those that look different. The film approaches this idea in a different manner because Andrew, the humanoid â€Å"star” of the film, is not a person. It takes Andrew a period of two hundred years (hence the name of the movie, bicentenary Man) to convince the piece Government that he did, in fact, have a soul and should be considered an equal. Columbus, Bicentennial Man) The film’s idea of android equality is not (yet) an issue needing to be addressed in American society. The film’s concept of equality does, however, check the real challenges of human equality face up by many another(prenominal) Americans throughout hist ory. At the start of the movie, it was established that Andrew only existed to dish up and pursue his owners, the Martin family. His only purpose was to obey the commands of and attend to the needs of this family. Jeremy Bentham, a political theorist, believes this is an example of the concept of utilitarianism.In simple terms, utilization is using an object (or people) â€Å"as a tool” to achieve a goal. (Nelson, 205). A word that could be used interchangeably with utilitarianism is, of course, slavery. Bicentennial Man evaluation of android equality is a clear musing of the challenges of equal rights faced by many Americans throughout the history of the nation. In the film, Andrew Martin, the android, fought for two hundred years in order to be declared equal to the humans he once served.In the real history of America, however, African-Americans fought for much than 300 years for equal rights as Americans. If only reality was a fast as Hollywood! Works Cited: Bicente nnial Man. Dir. Chris Columbus. Perf. Robin Williams and Embeth Davidtz. Radiant Productions, 1999. DVD. Mayflower Compact. November 11, 1620. Documents of American History. Ed. Henry S. Commanger. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, 1968. Nelson, Brian. Western governmental Thought From Socrates to the Age of Ideology. 2nd. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1996. Print.\r\n'

'Graphic Novel Deconstruction Essay\r'

'This es phrase will deconstruct Neil Gai while’s graphic novel The Sand creation Volume#1 Preludes and Nocturnes (1991), in order to gain an understanding of narrative is presented done the use of image. It will too comment on the codes and conventions within the chosen text. Preludes and Nocturnes is the collection of eight comics in the Sandman series, with Neil Gaiman writing for a regular series for the commencement ceremony judgment of conviction. As such Preludes and Nocturnes is somewhat a litigate in progress, as the creative team honed their work.\r\nIf take from c e realplace to cover you will see a marked improvement in the writing over the course of the volume culminating in a oftentimes a lot tightly wound climax than at the beginning. The early chapter Sleep of the Just is a trusty place to start looking at the beautify construction of the narrative. On the scalawagboy (Tab. 1) we see the first three im boards over-laying the fourth panel. The fir st two panels be narrow and rectangular and the third is squ be. The gutters are very narrow and not a lot is disaster in the panels. This indicates that panel-to-panel, not a lot of time has passed between intonations.\r\n even so rather than use moment-to-moment transition the creators come use subject-to-subject as a rule of keeping a moderate pace for the proof holder to become interested in what they are comprehend on the varlet. This is continued by break the eight panel varlet. Alternatively, the creators could take a shit sh throw the first two panels as one, discontinueing the converse to take place straight away as the car pulls up to the mansion. The panel could then be expanded showing the mansion in much detail and allowing for the removal of panel three completely.\r\nWe already know the man is here for a reason, thusly we make an assumption he will add the car and knock on the door. ) This would potentially allow for the removal of Panel Four, going stra ight to the man knocking on the door and the door macrocosm answered. This would then clear up what is a relatively cluttered page and make the narrative some(prenominal) more direct. Dialogue and pace are used to high degree through bulge out this chapter sometimes appearing cluttered and confused, and sometimes this is compound by the foreign panel shapes employed.\r\nHowever this has been used to great military unit (Tab. 2) The thin oddly constructed/shaped panel’s one and two, are al well-nigh seen as though they are slices of Burgess’s insanity and obsession. Subject-to-Subject transitions are used to aid pacing in what new(prenominal) than would be a lengthy a page due to the amount of chat. Although the majority of the spoken develop is short, there is a lot of it to read. A sixsome panel page is probably good for this font however more conventional panel shapes would probably aid the reader more.\r\nThe caption box in the first panel is used in mate to what is in the picture; the reader doesn’t very see the words of the spell tolling in his head, only if they are habituated a sense of the mental effect it takes on Burgess. On the very close page windup is used perfectly. Burgess demands for the beingness to come forward and with each chant, that being becomes more corporeal with the end result, the creature arriving in the room. The converse used is interdependent to the imagery.\r\nWithout one or the other the reader wouldn’t be able to crash up the full picture of what is happening. To speed this page up you could probably remove the panels with Burgess and in force(p) have the three panels of the creature appearing with the dialogue situated around him, as if surrounded by people. In (Tab. 3) we can see a genuine example of moment-to-moment transitions, twelve panels depicting and old man dreaming of becoming young again as he walks along a evil corridor originally realising he is in a nightma re of his own making.\r\nTwelve panels on a fifteen panel page seems like a lot, however it serves to rattling ramp up the tension in the equipment casualty of the narrative as this is a turning time period for the whole story. Interestingly the transitions used serve as the opposite to what is actually happening; the de-aging process of decades in just a few seconds or transactions intensifies the dream/nightmare feel. For the sake of quicker pacing you could perhaps take a few panels out here and there, showing a larger overtaking of time between the transitions and the de-aging process, however you would then prolong the risk of losing the tension build up.\r\nAn interest speckle to note is the dialogue for Morpheus, his speech bubbles are notched black items with colour text, that serve the purpose of formation his character as not of this earth and more important than any other speaker. (Tab. 4) poses some interesting issues. Panel 1 bleeds in from the top of the page to the half-way point with the next two panels over laid. However here is where it can get confusing for a reader who reads from left to right on a mavin page. Panels 4-6 do not follow the tralatitious design of a comic book.\r\nRather than go along the dialogue under panels 1-3 they extend onto the next page and initially this is confusing as the readers first image is to go down the page. It is almost as if the author wants you to stop and think for a moment. This layout is continued through panels 7-13 and in panels 10-12 the structure becomes jagged indicating Cain’s fractured judgement finally snapping and lashing out at his blood brother Abel, the word â€Å"IRVING?? ” capitalised and coloured in red accents this.\r\nThis parting uses several different types of panelling ranging from aspect-to-aspect (panels 1-4 7-8) subject-to-subject (5-6 9-13. ) This unusual layout has been created because of the start dialogue, Lucien the Librarian stating that â₠¬Å"It has been a strange century. ” The creators probably entangle that they could accentuate this by creating this page layout. It would have worked much better if it had been done over a single A2 sheet but restrictions prevent this so readers would have to be careful to make sure they read the page right.\r\nIt would flow better if the panels with Cain and Abel had been left out entirely or at least set on a separate sheet. Again closure is shown on the final panel with blood disperse getting that heart and soul across loud and clear. (Tab. 5) brings well examples of word specific text in subject-to-subject panels, also note the colour change to black and white, given in context with each panel it conveys the message that all is well and the world is resting.\r\nThe use of Morpheus’s coat as a panel cover Arkham Asylum is used to indicate that he is pricker in control of the dream realm and is repairing the price done by his captivity. Throughout the Preludes and Nocturnes there has been a constant improvement in the way it is presented and written. In particular as the narrative continues, there are subtle changes in colours, from really quite dark to eventually ending up with a white background as Morpheus goes about his quest to right the wrongs done to him.\r\nThe writers also moved to more traditionalistic conventions of comic books in respect to panelling pitiful away from the sometimes claustrophobic and cluttered panels in the early chapters to the more familiar boxy panels that most sequential art uses, however that is not to say the gothic inspired artwork doesn’t have its place, in the early stages of the story, entrapment and imprisonment were key themes. As the creative team honed their skills the works became more unyielding and easier to understand. It is easy to see why this series is so popular.\r\n'

'Rationale of the Study Essay\r'

'Computers fucking be scary. At least that is what many people utilize to think, until computers became a regular part of their lives. The fact is, computers gull become more(prenominal) â€Å"friendly”â€easier for the average soul to call. In addition, they are becoming more and more important and utile in many areas of our livesâ€including the Church. A good church offer ups many services to the residential area through outreach programs, service projects, food pantries, and youth activities. And of course, they inculcate the community about salvation through the Nazarene Christ.\r\nThe Church is using computer technology to clobber problems, to save money, and to better serve the Church members on the local level. Computers have overly been very useful in handling the impact of Church branch over the past few years. The staff at Church headquarters would be growing untold faster than it is without computer solutions. Today, many churches and other ghos tlike organizations have jumped into the technological age. Churches have found virgin and inventive ways to keep in wind with people and it’s community through the use of technology.\r\nMany of the religious charitable institutions have also realized the potential of this modern communication to foster raise funds, awareness and get sponsor to where it is mandatory faster and easier than before. With the ever evolving world of social networks, churches charter to constantly redefine and be ready to vary connection points with their community whether online or in person. thought how the live and virtual worlds can most efficaciously support each other will help in defining how your church can connect.\r\n applied science is definitely cool and it is important tool for reach people today. It makes so many things easier. That is how technology can help your church. The reason why this study is conducted is to provide online instruction and the power to manipulate all i nformation and processes in the most convenient and reliable way. The researchers proposed new improvised Online Church Information System in order to help the individuals in meeting their needs.\r\n'

'Similarities and Differences in Sociological Theories of Crime\r'

'sociological theories of venomous offence contain a great deal of service fit information in the understanding of criminal conduct. sociological theories atomic number 18 very useful in the con of criminal behaviour because unlike psychological and biologic theories they are mostly macro train theories which adjudicate to sageise rates of plague for a root word or an area rather than explaining why an separate committed a curse. (Kubrin, 2012). There is however about micro level sociological theories of criminal offence that attempts to explain the individual’s motivation for criminal bearing (Kubrin, 2012).\r\nOf the contemporary sociological theories there are tierce which come to the forefront and which we get out examine, affable appointment guess, amicable disarrangement theory, and sensible choice theory. tender Conflict Theory As the name suggests, favorable conflict theory is a conflict ground perspective. Conflict based perspectives asse rt that laws that govern what behaviors are criminal and what are not come from a conflict between those in power and those who aren’t (Kubrin, 2012).\r\nSocial conflict theory basically says that disgust is born(p) out of this conflict between those that flip power inside a society and those that go in’t. Those that have the power in a society are the ones that make the laws and indeed make laws which will benefit them and forward their goals and ideals often at the cost of those without power. It is this conflict and the consequenceing laws regulating what is criminal and what is not that is in conclusion the cause of detestation. Social Disorganization Theory unconnected fond conflict theory, social disorganisation theory is based on the consensus perspective.\r\nThe consensus perspective believes that laws are born out of a consensus of members of a society seek order indoors that society (Kubrin, 2012). Social disorganisation theory views crime as a result of a breakdown of organization and grow within a society (Warner, 2003). This breakdown of organization and culture within a community leads to a miss of informal social control which in exhaust leads to higher crime rates especially in the juvenile population (Simons, Simons, Burt, Brody, & Cutrona, 2005).\r\nSocial disorganization theory asserts that strong levels of connection within a community along with a sense of civic pride motivate individuals to take a much active role in the community therefore acting as a deterrent to crime. judicious Choice Theory The third of the contemporary sociological theories is rational choice theory. In stark descent to social conflict theory and social disorganization theory which are macro level theories, rational choice theory is a micro level theory (Kubrin, 2012). Rational choice theory centrees on the individual motivation behind criminal behavior.\r\nspecifically the idea that the choice to commit criminal behavior is a choice based on a type of risk reward scenario. The person contemplating a criminal act consciously weighs the risk associated with the crime against the reward they stand to gain from the crime. Similarities and Differences Each of these deuce-ace contemporary sociological theories of crime are homogeneous in that they focus mainly on crime in poor or disadvantaged areas. This focus is obvious with social conflict theory and social disorganization theory but not as much with rational choice theory although it is there.\r\nWith rational choice theory the concept of what is to be gained from the criminal activity in itself implies that the person is most probably poor or disadvantaged in approximately way necessitating crime to obtain the things they need or desire. Where these theories differ is their basic concepts of what the actual cause of crime is. Where social conflict theory and social disorganization theory view the causes of crime on a group level, rational choice th eory says that crime is caused on an individual level.\r\nLikewise, on an even more(prenominal) fundamental level, social conflict theory and social disorganization theory differ in that social conflict theory believes laws regulating criminal behavior are formed out of conflict within a society where social disorganization theory believes laws are formed from a consensus within society. Conclusions sociological theories of crime are very useful, especially in the prediction and prevention of crime. One of their greatest strengths is their ability to explain crime within a original group or community.\r\nHowever, the fact that the group or area they most often focus on is poor or disadvantages is one of their greatest weaknesses. Sociological theories fail to account for so called white stoppage crimes and other types of crimes that occur mainly among more pissed individuals and in more well off neighborhoods. As with psychological and biological theories, sociological theories have their strengths and weaknesses. To very understand the nature and causes of crime and to be able to prevent it will take an understanding and mix of many different theories.\r\n'

'Organization for Efficient Management Essay\r'

'â€Å" arduous administration body organize is an essential necessity of high-octane precaution” †worry this statement and point out the heterogeneous principles which should be go oned in developing validation grammatical construction\r\n universe\r\nOrganization is the backbone of concern. Without efficient musical make outment, no management brook perform its functions smoothly. Sound brass contributes amplely to the continuity and success of the enterprise. Once A. Carnegie, an Ameri sess industrialist, said, â€Å" bribe amodal value our geneies, take away our trade, our avenues of transportation, and our money. Leave nil but our system, and in four years we sh entirely take a shit re-established ourselves”. That shows the signifi butt jointce of four-in-handial aptitudes and shaping. However, upright governance mental synthesis does not by itself produce expert process †just as a good governing body does not guarantee great presidents or good laws a moral society. But a abruptly arranging social musical arrangement makes good motion impossible, no matter how good the soulfulnesss whitethorn be. The right fundamental lawal coordinate is the necessity foundation; without it the make hat performance in all told other atomic look 18as of management bequeath be ineffectual and frustrated.\r\nCONCEPT OF ORGANISATION construction\r\nOrganisation construction whitethorn be secure as the established pattern of relativeships among the components of the nerve. Organisation social organization in this sense have in minds to the ne cardinalrk of relationships among individuals and mystifys in an memorial tablet. Jennifer and G atomic topic 18th catch outlined organization twist as the baronial system of task and reporting relationships that controls, coordinates and motivates employees so that they join and work to pay backher to master an cheek’s goals. In fact organisatio n social organisation describes the organisation framework. Just as clement beings fuck off skeletons that define their parameters, organisations have bodily structures that define-theirs. It is deal the architectural plan of a building. Just as the architect considers various factors like cost, space, special features needed etc. turn shrewd a good structure, the coachs too moldinessiness notion into factors like benefits of specialisation, dialogue problems, problems in creating effectiveness levels etc., onward designing the organisation structure.\r\nThe four-in-hand determines the work activities to get the job done, writes job descriptions, and organises spate into groups and assigns them to outstandings. He fixes goals and deadlines and establishes standards of performance. trading operations be controlled through a reporting system. The building block structure takes the shape of a pyramid. The structural organisation implies the following things :\r\n · The nut relationships with well-defined duties and responsibilities; · The hierarchical relationships amid superior and subordinates within the organisation; · The tasks or activities delegate to unlike soulfulnesss and the segments; · Coordination of the various tasks and activities;\r\n· A set of policies, procedures, standards and methods of military rank of performance which ar formulated to claim the throng and their activities.\r\nThe arrangement which is deliberately planned is the formal structure of organisation. But the actual operations and conduct of volume be not al shipway governed by the formal structure of relations. Thus, the formal arrangement is often limited by social and psychological forces and the operating structure provides the basis of the organisation.\r\nSound organization is an essential prerequisite of efficient management. It helps an organization in the following ways: 1. En enceintes abilities: It helps individuals to enlarge their capabilities. Division of work enables an individual to severalize in the job in which he is proficient, in the lead to trump out(p) utilization of resources and talents.\r\n2. Facilitates administration: It facilitates administration by avoiding waste motions, overlapping work and duplication of effort. Departmentation enables right planning of work. Confusion and misunderstanding, over who is to perform what work, is avoided by specifying the role of managers clearly. Proportionate and balanced emphasis is vest on various activities.\r\n3. Facilitates produce and diversification:Sound organization helps in keeping activities under immutable vigil and control. The organization can undertake much activities without dislocation. Talents and resources be put to good accustom. Opportunities atomic rate 18 seized right away and exploited fully, which ultimately pave way for growth and diversification. 4. Permits optimum utilize of resources: Human, skilful and su bstantive resources are put to good use. Right persons are addicted right jobs. There is proper allocation of work. battalion know that they are supposed to do, well in advance. Necessary functions are determined and assigned, so that effect and physical facilities are utilized effectively. 5. Stimulates creativity. It offers stimulating opportunities to people at all levels, to use their skills on jobs best suited to their spirit. Delegation helps people at disappoint levels to do more challenging work. The high ups, in turn, can concentrate on strategic issues set their creative abilities to good use.\r\n6. Facilitates coordination: Organization is an important way of achieving coordination among different surgical incisions of an enterprise. Clear say-so relationships and proper appointee of work facilitates the task of achieving coordination at all levels. silly organization leads to improper arrangement of duties and responsibilities. As a result, unimportant and triv ial issues are given top priority. Activities that should be integrated or centralized are spread out and put to improper supervision.\r\n ham-handed individuals are overused while talented people are under utilized. Delays, duplications and waste motions occur with frustrating regularity. Expenses put one over up. These would create utter confusion, chaos and conflict. Poor organization may mean improper arrangement of facilities and visitation to make goals of objectives, management envisageers have laid chain reactor true statements from time to time, from certain chiefly judge understandings, which may be called the principles of organization. The principles are guidelines for planning an efficient organization structure. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the principles of organization is essential for good organization.\r\nThe important principles of organization\r\n1. retainer of Objectives. An enterprise strives to accomplish certain objectives. Organization mil itary services as a slam to acquire these objectives. The objectives must be stated in clear terms as they play an important role in find out the type of structure, which should be developed. The principle of consideration of objectives states that single after the objectives have been stated, an organization structure should be developed to turn over them.\r\n2. Division of Work and Specialization. The completed work in the organization should be split into various parts so that every individual is confined to the performance of a single job, as far as possible, harmonize to his ability and aptitudes. This is likewise called the principle of specialization. More a person continues on a particular job, the better give be his performance.\r\n3. Definition of Jobs. Every go down in the organization should be clearly defined in relation to other positions in the organization. The duties and responsibilities assigned to every position and its relationship with other positions should be clearly defined so that there may not be any overlapping of functions.\r\n4. Separation of agate line and supply Functions. Whenever possible, line functions should be separated from staff activities. Line functions are those, which accomplish the main objectives of the company. In around manufacturing companies, the manufacturing and marketing departments are considered to be accomplishing the main objectives of the art and so are called the line functions and other functions like personnel, seed maintenance, financing and legal are considered as staff functions.\r\n5. Chain of Command. There must be clear lines of permit running from the top to the screwing of the organization. Authority is the right to decide, direct and coordinate. The organization structure should facilitate commissioning of authority. Clarity is touchd through delegation by steps or levels from the top position to the operating level. From the chief executive, a line of authority may procee d to departmental managers, to executive programs or foremen and in conclusion to workers. This chain of command is also known as scalar principle of organization.\r\n6. Parity of Authority and indebtedness. Responsibility should always be coupled with corresponding authority. all(prenominal) subordinate must have sufficient authority to discharge the responsibility entrusted to him. This principle suggests that if a plant manager in a multi-plant organization is held accountable for all activities in his plant, he should not be subject to orders from company manoeuverquarters specifying the quantity of knifelike materials he should buy or from whom he should buy raw materials. If a supervisor is responsible for the step of work of his department, he should not be asked to coincide as a member of his workforce an employee who has been chartered without consulting him.\r\n7. Unity of Command. No one in the organization should report to more than one supervisor. Everyone in t he organization should know to whom he reports and who reports to him. Stated simply, everyone should have exactly one boss. Receiving directions from several supervisors may result in confusion, chaos, conflicts and lack of action at law. So all(prenominal) member of the organization should receive directions from and report to one superior only. This will avoid conflict of command and help in fixing responsibilities.\r\n8. Exceptional Matters. This principle requires that organization structure should be so designed that managers are call for to go through the exceptional matters only. The subordinates should take all the routine decisions, whereas problems involving unusual matters and policy decisions should be referred to higher levels.\r\n9. Span of Supervision. The bracing of supervision means the number of persons a manager or a supervisor can direct. If too less(prenominal) number of employees are reporting to a supervisor, his time will not be utilized properly. But, on the other hand, there is a limit to the number of subordinates that can be efficiently supervised by an executive. Both these points should be kept in mind while classify and allocating the activities to various departments. It is difficult to give a definite number of persons a manager can direct. It will depend upon the nature of the work and a number of other factors.\r\n10. Balance of Various Factors. There should be proper balance in the formal structure of the organization in regard to factors having conflicting claims, e.g., surrounded by centralization and decentralization, span of supervision and lines of conference and authority allocated to departments and personnel at various levels.\r\n11. colloquy. A good communication network is essential to achieve the objectives of an organization. No doubt the line of authority provides readymade channels of communication downward and upward, static some blocks in communication occur in many organizations. The confidence of the superior in his subordinates and two-way communication are the factors that amalgamate an organization into an effectively operating system.\r\n12. Flexibility. The organization structure should be flexible so that it can be easily and economically adapted to the miscellanys in the nature of condescension as well as technical innovations. Flexibility of organization structure ensures the ability to change with the environment before something serious may occur. So the organization structure should be much(prenominal) that it permits blowup and contraction without disrupting the rudimentary activities.\r\n13. Continuity. Change is the law of nature. umteen changes take place outside the organization. These changes must be reflected in the organization. For this, the form of organization structure must be able to serve the enterprise and to attain its objectives for a foresightful period of time.\r\nTypes of Organizational organise in Management\r\n dainty companies can use a variety of organisational structures. However, a venial company’s organization structure must be designed to effectively meet its goals and objectives, according to the Lamar University article titled â€Å"Organizational structure” on its website. Types of organisational structure in management can include flat structures as well as functional, product and geographic-structured organizations.\r\n humdrum Organizational Structure\r\n many a(prenominal) nonaged companies use a flat organizational structure, where very few levels of management separate executives from analysts, secretaries and lower-level employees. Flat organizations work best when a company has less than 20 employees, especially if the company employs one or two employees per department. One advantage of using a flat organizational structure for management is that decisions can be made relatively quickly. The flat organizational lacks the typical bureaucracy of taller organizational struc turesâ€those with many levels of management.\r\n serviceable Organizational Structure\r\nA functional organizational structure is centered on job functions, such as marketing, research and ontogenesis and finance. Small companies should use a functional organization when they want to arrange their organizational structure by department. For example, a nonaged company may have a director, two managers and two analysts in the marketing department. The director would belike report to the Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, and two managers would report to the director. In addition, each manager may have an analyst reporting to them. A functional organizational structure works well when subtle companies are heavily sick-focused. Directors can assign certain projects to managers, who can thusly divvy up tasks with their analysts. The department can then more effectively meet their project deadlines.\r\nProduct Organzational Structure\r\nA product organizational structure has manag ers reporting to the president or head of the company by product type. Product organizational structures are primarily used by sell companies that have stores in various cities. However, stores in each city may still need a local anesthetic human resources or marketing department to carry out functions locally. For example, a small department store company may have a vice president of sporting goods, housewares and general trade at the corporate office. One manager may report to each vice president. However, each manager may oversee the work of one or more vault of heaven marketing employees who travel and handle local marketing stores in several states. These field marketing employees may work for the sporting goods manager one hebdomad in League City, Texas, then do merchandising for the housewares manager another week in the Sugarland, Texas, market.\r\nGeographical Organizational Structure\r\nThe Small Business Administration is responsible for defining small businesses in di fferent industries. For example, in manufacturing, the SBA usually considers a company with 500 or fewer employees a small business. Point is, small businesses are still large decent to use a geographical organizational structure. A geographical organizational structure is when companies decentralize the functional areas.\r\nFor example, unlike the product organizational structure, there may be a local marketing, finance, accounting and research development person found in each region. For example, a small consumer products food for thought company may be large enough to place a marketing research manager and analyst in each of six different regions. This can be important because consumers in various areas have different tastes. Hence, a geographical structure will enable the company to better serve the local market.\r\nORGANISATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS\r\nThe study of organisational structure is demand to understand organisational effectiveness. In simple terms better the structure of an organisation more effective would be the organisation and vice versa. You must be apprised that some organisations perform better and grow more rapidly than other. On the extreme side some organisations perform badly and within a short period of time go out of business.\r\nDeterminants of Organisational say-so\r\nSeveral factors invite the organisational effectiveness\r\nmanagerial Policies and Practices\r\nManagerial policies and practices integrate the entire organisation, maintain balance among the lodge in groups in the organisation, and accommodate them with the impertinent environment. Managerial policies and practices have a direct bearing on the Organisational effectiveness. The major managerial policies and practices are as follow : schema: A strategy is a plan for interacting with the agonistical environment to achieve organizational goals. Goals define where does the organisation want to go and strategies define how will the organization reach there. In oth er words, strategy is the design of basic long term goals of the organisation, the adoption of the human bodys of action and the allocation of resources necessary to achieve them. The strategy is the or so important factor of an organisation which decides the future course of action for the organisation. immature strategy is often selected ground upon environmental needs, and then the top management attempts to plan the organisation to achieve those ends. Strategy: A strategy is a plan for interacting with the competitive environment to achieve organizational goals.\r\nGoals define where does the organisation want to go and strategies define how will the organization reach there. In other words, strategy is the determination of basic long term goals of the organisation, the adoption of the courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary to achieve them. The strategy is the most important factor of an organisation which decides the future course of action for the or ganisation. New strategy is often selected based upon environmental needs, and then the top management attempts to redesign the organisation to achieve those ends. Decision-making: Decision-making is choosing among alternatives. It has close relationship with all traditional management functions. The decision that management makes has a profound strike on the success of an organisation.\r\nRewards: Organisational success to a large extent depends on how is management able to crystallize support of its team by way of compensating them for the efforts they are making for the achievement of organizational goals. It is primarily meant to nonplus employee morale and improve or maintain productivity. Communication: It is the linkages among members of the organisation whereby they exchange information. The organisational structure has to provide for a perfect communication among different members of the organisation. Organisational communication is the discoloration that enables any or ganisational change.\r\n environsal Characteristics\r\nOrganisational effectiveness is influenced to a great degree by the external environmental characteristics. It is qualified on how is the external environment predictable, complex and strange to the organisation and its activity. The major characteristics are as follow : Predictability: Predictability refers to how certain or uncertain an organisation may be towards supply of various resources; human, raw material etc. It is an element of external environment. Complexity: Environment complexity refers to the heterogeneity and range of activities which are applicable to an organisation’s operations. How many diverse groups from external environment the organisations have to deal with. Hostility: A hostile environment is one in which the underpinning of the organisation is threatened. How is an organisation viewed by the people at large. You may recall the case of Union Carbide after the Bhopal gasolene leakage about th e hostility of environment\r\nEmployee characteristics\r\nThe characteristics of the human resource could make or break an organisation. It is employee characteristics, which is reflected in the success or failure of an organisation. The major characteristics are as follow : Goals: Goals define where the organisation wants to go. Goals are intentions that an individual or an organisation would like to achieve in the course of their working. Goals provide a directional nature to people’s behaviour and guide their thoughts and actions. Skills: Skill is the ability to engage in a set of behaviour that are functionally think to one another and that lead to a in demand(p) performance in a given area. The skill can be technical, managerial, behavioural etc.\r\nMotives: A motive is an inner state of a person that energizes activates, or moves and directs towards the achievement of a pre defined goal. The motivated employees have high motives to perform better and achieve the tar gets. Attitudes: Attitudes are evaluative statements- either favourable or unfavourable concerning objects, events, or people. Attitudes influence job behaviour and hence organisational effectiveness. Values: Values represent basic convictions or a specific mode of conduct. It generally influences an individual’s attitude and behaviour. The value that a person holds influences his or her motivation and subsequently behaviour.\r\nOrganisational Characteristics\r\nOrganisational characteristics refer to the general conditions that exist within an organisation. Various organisational characteristics influence organisational effectiveness. The major characteristics are as follow: Structure: An organisational structure defines how are job tasks formally divided, assort and coordinated. For organisational effectiveness, six elements need to be addressed while designing organisational structure. These are: work specialisation, departmentation, chain of command, span of control, cen tralisation and decentralisation, and formalization. Technology: The term technology refers to how does an organisation transfer its inputs into outputs.\r\nEvery organisation has at least one technology for converting financial, human and physical resources into products or services. The choice of technology and its use influences organisational effectiveness. Size: In a narrow sense organisational size refers to the number of people in an organisation. But, if we take a broader view, size refers to the physical capacity of the organisation, the personnel available to the organisation, the organisational inputs or outputs and the discretionary resources available to an organisation. It is the size which influences the structure which in turn influences organisational effectiveness.\r\nBenefits of organisational effectiveness:\r\n· Structures and behaviours are aline with business needs. · Disruption to business is minimised which reduces operational risk. · Employee mor ale is bear on which maintains productivity. · The right employees and talent are retained.\r\n· Employees objectives and rewards are aligned to business goals.\r\nCONCLUSION\r\nOrganisation structure refers to the grouping of activities and establishing pattern of relationship among the various parts of the organisation. It involves the appointment of tasks, establishment of hierarchical relationship, creation of policies, procedures, coordination and control of all activities in the organisation. The Organisational designs are dependent on a wide variety of factors; namely the management philosophy, the size of the organisation, the type of technology, and the external environmental factors.\r\nTherefore, there cannot be tailor-made solutions for all organisations. The ultimate aim for the organisation is to be effective and organisational structure is a tool in the attainment of organisational objectives. The components of organisational effectiveness are managerial polic ies and practices, employee characteristics, organizational characteristics and the environmental characteristics. Organizational structure is what ensures that your organization will function smoothly and as you intended. You should think about structure early in the development of your organization, but be aware that the type that fits best may change as your organization grows.\r\n'